Conflict and Tension Flashcards
Georges Clemenceau (France):
Compensation
Regain Alsace and Lorraine
Disarm Germany
David Lloyd George
Improve Germany’s economy
British navy to be supreme
Prevent harsh settlement.
Woodrow Wilson
League of Nations
Self determination
France to regain Alsace and Lorraine
End of secret treaties
All countries to reduce military power.
ToV
June 28th 1919.
`
War guilt
Diktat
Kaiser abdicated.
Austria-Hungary declared war first.
Humiliation.
Loss of land
Loss of Land: (7 million Germans were displaced)
- Anschluss was banned.
- Germany lost all its colonies.
- Rhineland was demilitarised.
- Saar was given to France for 15 years.
- Alsace and Lorraine were given to France.
- `The Polish corridor was given to Poland.
Military restrictions:
100,000 army 15,000 navy 6 battleships No submarines No airforce No conscription
reparations
£6.6 billion
Too much
Economy collapsed
13% of German land was also destroyed.
Treaty of St Germain - Austria:
Treaty of St Germain - Austria:
Reparations - Amount was never fixed.
Land - Poland,Italy, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia.
Military restrictions - 30,000 army, no conscription, no navy, Anschluss.
Treaty of Neuilly - Bulgaria:
Reparations - £100 million
Land - yugoslavia, Greece, Romania. Gained from Turkey.
Military restrictions - 20,000 army, 4 battleships, no conscription, no air force.
Treaty of Trianon - Hungary:
Reparations - Never fixed, but didn’t pay as the economy collapsed.
Land - Romania, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia.
Military restrictions - 30,000 army, 3 patrol boats, no conscription.
Treaty of Sevres - Turkey:
Reparations - GB and France controlled finances.
Land - Britain, France, Italy, Greece.
Military restrictions - 50,000 army, 7 sailboats, 6 torpedo boats.
Treaty of Lausanne - Turkey:
Reparations - Turkey regained control.
Land - Gained land lost to Greece.
Military restrictions - None.
Membership of the league of nations
1920 - Britain, France, Italy and Japan 1926 - Germany joined. 1933 - Japan and Germany left. 1934 - USSR joined. 1937 - Italy left. 1939: End of LoN.
Covenants of the LoN
1) Treaties made public
2) Reduction and control of military
3) Countries to cooperate in business and trade
4) `Collective security as a way of solving disputes.
Slavery commision
Aim - Get rid of slavery.
Success - Set free 200,00 slaves in Sierra Leone.
1927 - Sierra Leone abolished slavery.
Commission for refugees
Aim - Improving refugee camps. Help people return home or find new homes.
Success - 1.5 millions Russians find homes after civil war.
Free 427,000 prisoners of war and return them home.
Failure - The league tried to appoint a high commissioner for refugees, mainly Jewish, fleeing from Germany. Germany rejected this proposal.
Health committee
Aim - spread awareness and reduce disease.
Success - started an international campaign to kill mosquitoes.
Worked with the Russian government to educate people about the spread of typhus.
Still exists to this day.
The organisations for communications and transport
Aim - Regulate transport to keep people safe.
Success - introduced shipping lanes and highway code.
International labour organisation
Aim - improve working conditions.
Success - 77 counties set a minimum wage.
Greece established social insurance.
White lead in paint was banned (poisonous).
Failure - refused to use child labour.
Proposal for holiday pay was rejected.
Work hours limited to 8 hrs were also rejected.
Crisis in Vilna, 1920
Poland and Lithuania were newly created countries after the first world war.
Vilna was meant to be the capital of lithuania.
However, the majority of the people living there were Polish so wanted to be part of Poland.
Poland invaded vilna (self-determination).
Lithuania turned to LoN.
LoN told Poland to get rid of their army.
Poland refused.
France viewed Poland as an ally.
Britain wouldn’t do anything without France.
Founding members of Lon didn’t do anything.
Crisis in Upper Silesia, 1921-1925
Upper Silesia was on the border of Germany and Poland.
It was rich in steel and coal.
Both wanted it so a plebiscite was held.
Germany received 60% of the votes.
Poland complained that most of the people who voted for Germany no longer lived in Upper Silesia.
Poland has ⅓ of the land but ¾ of the population.
½ million Poles living under German rule (against self-determination).
Germany lost ¾ of the coal mines they previously had.
The League said they can have coal at a discounted rate.
Crisis in Aaland Islands
Sweden and Finland.
Both wanted Aaland islands.
Declared war.
LoN intervened.
Finland got the Aaland islands.
Not allowed to build forts or attack Sweden.
Locarno treaties, 1925
Settle disputes with non league countries.
Signed by Germany, France, Britain…
Each country agreed not to go to war.
If one was invaded, the victim would be protected.
Germany promised to follow the ToV.
Germany’s relation with Europe improved - peace.
Undermined the league.
Crisis in Corfu
After WWI, the boundaries of Greece and Albania were still undecided.
The league gave this job to an italian general named Tellini.
While surveying Greece, he and his team were murdered.
Mussolini demanded compensation.
He demanded the murderers to be executed.
He attacked Corfu, killing 15 people.
The league morally condemned Mussolini.
They agreed Greece should pay compensation.
But the league would hold on to it until the murderers were found.
Mussolini went to the conference of ambassadors (who were the founding members of the LoN).
Greece had to apologise.
Greece pays compensation directly.
Mussolini takes troops out.
Britain and France don’t support LoN.
Mussolini was a founding member of the LoN.
Crisis in Bulgaria, 1925
A greek soldier chased after a stray dog across the border into bulgaria.
Bulgarian soldiers shot the man.
Greece invaded Bulgaria.
Bulgaria goes to LoN.
Greece was morally condemned.
Greece had to pay compensation.
Greece was ordered to take troops out of Bulgaria.
Greece agreed but felt the league was being hypocritical because when Mussolini did the same he got his way.
Manchurian crisis, 1936
Japan was in poverty because their main export, silk, was not affordable.
Overpopulation.
Unhappy with little land received after WWI.
The government was controlled by the army.
Japan exploded the Manchurian railway.
Japan blamed the Chinese.
They used this as an excuse and invaded Manchuria.
They renamed it Manchukuo.
China appealed to the LoN.
Set up the Lytton commission.
Took 1 year to issue and simply told Japan to withdraw their troops.
Economic sanctions were not placed as the USA was their main trading partner (not in LoN).
All countries were suffering from GD.
Britain and France would not sent troops to Japan.
They didn’t have money or resources.
The nearest country to punish them was Russia. But they weren’t in the league.
Consequences:
Abyssinian crisis.
Gave Hitler confidence to break ToV.
Abyssinian crisis, 1936
Imperialism.
Rich in raw materials (coal and oil).
Avenge Italy’s defeat in 1896.
League’s lack of action in Manchuria.
The League condemned Italy’s actions.
Limited sanctions were placed on Italy.
USA supplied oil to Italy (not in LoN).
Britain and France continued to provide iron and steel (GD).
Imports from Italy were banned.
Banned trade in arms with Italy.
Stresa Front - Britain, France and Italy promised to stop Hitler becoming powerful.
Appeasement: stop Mussolini allying with Hitler.
The Suez canal was left open by Britain and France.
Hoare-Lavel pact: Give Italy ⅔ of Abyssinia without self determination.
Agreement between France, Britain and Italy.
Effects:
- Italy left LoN in 1937.
- Rome-Berlin axis.
- Anti-comintern pact.
- Remilitarisation of the Rhineland.
- Appeasement replaced LoN.
Hitler’s aims in foreign policy
1) Abolish ToV - make Germany powerful
2) Unite German speaking people
3) Create Lebensraum
4) Defeat communism
Allied reactions to Hitler’s aims
Britain - viewed ToV as too harsh.
France - unwilling without Britain.
After GD people rebelled against government
USA - isolationism
USSR - communist so had to protect themselves.
Ten-Year non aggression pact
Peace between Germany and Poland for 10 years.
ToV: polish corridor and upper Silesia.
Consequences: people viewed Hitler as a peaceful man.
Aims: none
Failed Anschluss, 1934
Hitler encouraged the Austrian nazis to rebel, Dollfuss (chancellor) was murdered.
Mussolini defended Austria.
Hitler realised his army was too weak (100,000).
ToV: Anschluss was banned.
Consequences: Austria and Italy allied.
Aims: none.
German rearmament, 1935
After the disarmament conference, France increased the term of conscription by 6 months.
Therefore Hitler introduced conscription
Tov - conscription was banned. 100,000 army.
Consequences: by 1939, Germany had 950,000 soldiers
Aims: Abolish ToV - make Germany powerful.
Anglo-German Naval agreement
Britain agreed to let Germany have 35% the size of the German fleet.
ToV: 15,000 navy, 6 battleships and no submarines.
Consequences: by 1939- 95 warships.
Aims:Abolish ToV - make Germany powerful.
Return of the Saar, 1935
A plebiscite was held after 15 years.
Germany received 90% of votes.
ToV - given to France for 15 years.
Consequences: coal for trading.
Aims: unite German speakers and create living space
Remilitarisation of the Rhineland, 1936
Franco-soviet pact: Hitler was surrounded from the east and west.
Hitler felt threatened and remilitarised the Rhineland to protect from an attack from France.
Hitler broke the Locarno treaties where he said he would follow ToV.
Hitler promised not to annex any land for 25 years.
- Britain felt Tov was too harsh.
- Abyssinia crisis (Stressa front).
- France was going through general elections and wouldn’t do anything without Britain.
Hitler had taken risks as if economic sanctions were placed the economy would cripple.
If military sanctions were placed his army wasn’t big or strong enough to withhold an attack (conscription was only introduced a year before).
Results of the remilitarisation:
- Gave Hitler confidence to break ToV.
- Rome-Berlin axis was signed
- The Anti-Comintern pact was signed.
- Appeasement replaced the LoN.
Anschluss
1934, 1936, 1938.
Rumours about Nazis taking over the government spread.
Schuschnigg (Austrian chancellor) asked Hitler for help.
Hitler refused and forced him to appoint a nazi as minister of interior.
Hitler encouraged Nazis to riot.
Schuschnigg planned a plebiscite.
Hitler forced him to delay it.
He place Nazi troops on the border of Austria to threaten them.
80 000 opponents were placed in concentration camps.
Plebiscite: 99% of votes.
Britain said the treaty was too harsh, preventing war and self determination.
Aims:
Abolish ToV - make Germany powerful
Create living space & unite German speaker
The Sudetenland Crisis
Industrial land and 3 million German speakers.
3 aims: living space, unite German speakers and make Germany powerful.
Hitler encouraged the Sudeten people to ask for independence and riot.
The Sudeten leaders along with Hitler demanded self-determination.
Czechoslovakia refused to give them what they wanted.
Both prepared for war.
Chamberlain decided to use appeasement.
First meeting: Hitler asked for a plebiscite to be held for the Sudeten people.
Chamberlain forced the Czech ruler to agree.
Second meeting: Hitler wanted Czechoslovakia without plebiscite.
Appeasement failed.
Chamberlain returned to Britain and started preparing for war.
Munich conference:
Britain, France, Germany and Italy.
No representative for Czechoslovakia or USSR.
Sudetenland would be given to Hitler without a plebiscite.
Britain and France promised to protect the rest of Czechoslovakia.
Munich agreement:
Hitler promised not to annex any more land without consulting chamberlain.
Promised not to go to war with each other.
Resolve any future disputes.
Annexation of czechoslovakia
After Hitler had been given the Sudetenland, other countries saw their vulnerability and so Poland and Hungary took land.
Hitler encouraged the Slovaks to riot and press for independence.
Czech president was forced to give Czechoslovakia to Hitler.
Hitler’s justification was restoring order.
Britain and France didn’t oppose directly.
Hitler could not justify annexing Czechoslovakia as:
> didn’t speak German.
> not taken away in ToV.
> didn’t belong to him
> Hemade a promise he wouldn’t take over Czechoslovakia
> He made a promise to consult Chamberlain.
Appeasement doesn’t work
Aims achieved:
Make Germany powerful and Lebensraum.
Effects:
- Hitler had proven that he could not be trusted (broke his promise).
- Britain and France promised to protect Poland.
- Conscription was introduced in Britain.
- Hitler withdrew Germany’s non aggression pact with Poland.
- Hitler withdrew the Anglo-German naval agreement.
The role of USSR
The role of USSR
Britain and France promised to protect Poland but couldn’t due to the distance so asked the USSR.
Poland was scared of USSR - they knew that USSR would take over if they ever entered Poland.
Stalin didn’t agree for 2 reasons:
He felt Britain and France were directing Hitler towards the east (USSR) as they didn’t punish him when he annexed any other lands.
Stalin felt excluded from the Munich conference (Hitler,Chamberlain, Mussolini and Daladier were all European leaders).
Nazi soviet pact
Hitler would get the western part of Poland including Danzig and the Polish Corridor.
Stalin would get the eastern part of Poland.
Hitler signed the pact for peace and to prevent an attack from the Russians.
Stalin signed to buy time and prepare for war.
The world was shocked as Russia was communist and Hitler
was fascist.
Germany signed to invade the USSR and defeat communism.
The invasion of poland
Britain and France warned Germany that if they invaded Poland they would declare war.
Hitler didn’t believe them as they did nothing before.
He had more right over the Polish corridor than his annexation of Czechoslovakia (ToV, German speakers, living space).
1st September 1939: Germany invaded Poland.
3rd September 1939: Britain and France declared war.
Dates (apa shaks paper)
1918 - Armistice
Woodrow Wilson published his 14 points
1919 - Paris peace conference
Germany forced to sign the ToV
Austria signed the Treaty of saint germs in
Bulgaria signed treaty of neuilly
1920 - LoN
Hungary signed the testy of Trianon
Turkey signed treaty of decree
Crisis In vilna
1921- reparations set to £6.6 billion
Crisis over the Aaland islands
1921-1925 - crisis in upper Silesia
1923 - turkey signed treaty of Lausanne
Crisis In corfu
1925 - crisis in Bulgaria
Locarno treaties signed
1926 - Germany joined LoN
1928- Kellogg-Briand pact
1931-1933 - manchurian crisis
1933 - Hitler removed Germany from the disarmament conference
Germany left the LoN
Japan left the LoN
1934 - USSR joined the LoN
Germany signed the ten year non-aggression pact with Poland
Failed Anschluss
1934-1936 - Abyssinian crisis
1935 - stressa front signed
Hitler introduced conscription
Anglo German naval agreement
Germany regained the Saar
1936 - remilitarisation of the Rhineland
1937 - anti Comintern pact signed
Italy left the LoN
1938 - successful Anschluss
Sudetenland crisi
Munich conference and agreement
1939 - annexation of Czechoslovakia
Nazi soviet pact
1st September - Germany invaded Poland
3rd September 1939 - Britain declared war on Germany.
1910s
1918 - Armistice
Woodrow Wilson published his 14 points
1919 -
- > Paris peace conference
- > Germany forced to sign the ToV
- > Austria signed the Treaty of saint germs in
- > Bulgaria signed treaty of neuilly
1920s
1920 -
- > LoN established
- > Hungary signed the testy of Trianon
- > Turkey signed treaty of decree
- > Crisis In vilna
1921- reparations set to £6.6 billion
Crisis over the Aaland islands
1921-1925 - crisis in upper Silesia
1923 - turkey signed treaty of Lausanne
Crisis In corfu
1925 - crisis in Bulgaria
Locarno treaties signed
1926 - Germany joined LoN
1928- Kellogg-Briand pact
1930s
1931-1933 - manchurian crisis
1933 -
- > Hitler removed Germany from the disarmament conference
- > Germany left the LoN
- > Japan left the LoN
1934 -
- > USSR joined the LoN
- > Germany signed the ten year non-aggression pact with Poland
- > Failed Anschluss
1934-1936 - Abyssinian crisis
1935 -
- > stressa front signed
- > Hitler introduced conscription
- > Anglo German naval agreement
- > Germany regained the Saar
1936 - remilitarisation of the Rhineland
1937 - anti Comintern pact signed
Italy left the LoN
1938 -
- > successful Anschluss
- > Sudetenland crisis
- > Munich conference and agreement
1939 - annexation of Czechoslovakia
Nazi soviet pact
1st September - Germany invaded Poland
3rd September 1939 - Britain declared war on Germany.
