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Modern History - Conflict in the Pacific > Conflict > Flashcards

Conflict Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Monroe Doctrine?

A

Stated in congress in 1832 by President Mornow, the doctrine declares that the US would not tolerate European intervention in the affairs of Central and South America

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2
Q

What is the Manifest Destiny?

A

A concept stating that Americans had a duty to spread white Anglo-saxon civilisation and Christianity through the entire country

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3
Q

Factors that made America an economic world power by the beginning of the 20th century

A
  • Largest global manufacturing
  • Natural resources
  • High tariffs protected local producers
  • Migration provided labour to expland industries like oil, iron, steel, rain and pharmaceuticals into profitable enterprises
  • WW1 boosted economy
  • Banks profited off loans and selling war materials
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4
Q

When did Hirohito become the emperor of Japan?

A

1926

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5
Q

What happened in Japan, 1932?

A
  • PM and Finance Minister are assassinated
  • This ended party governments as they army refused to co-operate in establishing a Cabinet
  • The navy admiral became Prime Minister and appointed armed forces people to key civil service posts
  • This meant that the army and navy now had control over foreign affairs
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6
Q

What territory did Japan claim in 1914?

A
  • Japan claimed former German territory in China, New Guinea, the Marshall Islands, Carolina Islands and Mariana Islands
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7
Q

Who attended the Washington Naval Conference in 1922?

A

US, Britain, Japan, China, France, Italy Belgium, Portugal and the Netherlands

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8
Q

What agreements were made at the Washington Naval Conference?

A
  • The four power pact (US, Britain, Japan + France – not interefere with territories)
  • The five power naval treaty (above 4 + Italy limiting size of their navies)
  • The nine power pact (all nations to respect China’s independence and uphold the Open Door policy)
  • Conference forced Japan to give up its territory in Shandong
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9
Q

What happened in 1928? and what were the results?

A

Japanese military took further land in Manchuria in a coup d’etat (revolution). They broke international laws e.g. the Nine Power Treaty and the League of Nations Covenant

  • The League of Nations condemned Japan’s actions in Manchuria
  • Japan withdrew from the league of nations in 1933
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10
Q

What pact did Japan sign with Germany and Italy?

A

In 1936, Japan signed the Anti-Contimern Pact with Germany and Italy. It was negotianted by the army rather than the government, which signifies the government losing all power to the army.

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11
Q

What is “The rape of Nanking”?

A

In 1937, Japanese militaristis took advantage and laucnhed a full scale invasion of Northern China. The victorious army went on a two week violent rampage looting, raping, torturing and killing Chinese civilians

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12
Q

What is “The New Order in Asia”?

A

Nov 1938 – Japan announces a new foreign policy called “The New Order in Asia”

  • Encourages economic co-operation between China, Manchuria and Japan
  • Gives Japan an economic advantage
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13
Q

When is the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere introduced?

A

August, 1940

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14
Q

What does the US do to Japan’s resource supply?

A

The US places an embargo on metals and Japanese assets in America are frozen and all oil trade is stopped. Japanese is left with only 2 year’s oil supply. They face the prospect of economic collapse if there is no war. Japan starts to plan for war.

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15
Q

What are the key features of the Greater

A
  • A way the Japanese elite justifed war
  • A noble cause to mobilise the Japanese population
  • Caused exploitation of captured regions of labour, raw materials and foodstuffs
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16
Q

Why did Japan invade Indo-China?

A
  • Military strategy
  • Railway for supplies
  • Vital air and naval bases
17
Q

What was the British foreign policy?

A
  • Focused on Europe

- In the Pacific, they were devoted to reopen the Burma road as it was the last link between China and the outside world

18
Q

What was the American foreign policy?

A
  • To protect their vulnerable colonies
19
Q

What was the Japanese strategy for bombing Pearl Harbour?

A
  • To knock the Americans out of the war by 2 years. This would give the Japanese the opportunity to occupy the area in the south without American intervention
20
Q

What were the tactics of bombing Pearl Harbour?

A
  • Destroying their aircraft carriers
  • Attacking the submarine base and oil reserves
  • Destroying the Pacific fleet
  • Destroying the base to the extent that the Americans would have to move it to the west coast
  • Achieving surprise but not before a declaration of war was announced
21
Q

When was the Battle of the Coral Sea?

A

4th-8th May 1942

22
Q

What happened in the Battle of the Coral Sea?

A 
The US aircraft found and sunk Shoho, Japan turned back.
Significance:
- Japan's first failure
- Port Moresby
- new style of naval warfare
23
Q

When was the Battle of Midway?

A

4-6 June, 1942

24
Q

What happened at the Battle of Midway?

A 
The US cracked and intercepted Japan's naval code and were aware of their plans. Americans sunk four Japanere carriers, US only lost one.
Significance:
- From offensive to defensive
-Significant loss for J's navy
- Naval superiority went to US
25
Q

When was the Battle of New Guinea?

A

21st July 1942 to January 1943

26
Q

What happened at the Battle of New Guinea?

A

Allies were sent to stop the Japanese advancing on the Kokoda track. The Japanese were suffering from disease and lack of food and ammunition and began to withdraw.
Significance:
- First setback for J army
- Prevented any possibility of extending defensive perimeter in South-West Pacific

27
Q

When was the Battle of Guadalcanal?

A

7th August 1942 to February 1943

28
Q

What happened at the Battle of Guadalcanal?

A

Guadalcanal became a centre of attrition with both sides losing heavily in land, air and sea. Japan were forced to withdraw.
Significance:
- Airfield available for US advance
- Japan lost highly skilled pilots
- US developed important tactics (island hopping)

29
Q

Strategies used against Japan 1942-1951?

A
  • General Douglas MacArthur (from New Guinea to the Philippines)
  • Admiral Chester Nimitz (From Pearl Harbour to the Philippines)
  • Island hopping
30
Q

What were the political effects on Japanese-occupied territories?

A
  • Military government under J army

- Malays were emplyed in the military and police, forced to hunt down anti-Japanese insurgents (mainly Chinese)

31
Q

What were the economic effects on Japanese-occupied territories?

A
  • Industry and economy disrupted
  • Lack of resources
  • Inflation - prices of goods increased
  • Shortages in basic essentials (water, food, electricity)
  • Ration cards introduced (2.4 kilos of rice per adult monthly)
  • Standard of living fell
32
Q

What were the social effects on Japanese-occupied territories?

A
  • Japanese control of the media
  • Schools closed or replaced with Japanese instructors
  • Japanese songs required to be sung to the students and there was a down play of western values and education
  • Hospitals were looted for supplies
  • Japanese was made the official language
  • Only Asian films were showed in cinemas
33
Q

What forms of resistance were there under occupation?

A

The Malay communist party was dominated by Chinese fighting against Japanese occupation with guerilla warfare (largely ineffective). The British funded the malay Peoples Anti-Japanese army.

34
Q

How was slave labour used?

A
  • 650,000 Koreans brough to Japan
  • 60,000 died
  • Conscipted into army
  • Forced labour
  • Building Thai-Burma railway
  • Prostitution
35
Q

Arguments for the A- Bomb…

A
  • No certainty that peace talks would be beneficial
  • Allied POW’s were at great risk
  • Japan would fight to death
  • Atomic bomb cost billions of dollars to develop, it would be a waste
  • Encouraged Soviet entry into the war
  • By 1946 if the war continued, the food situation would become catastrophic and there would have been stupendous civilian deaths
36
Q

Arguments against the atomic bomb…

A
  • Japan already beaten by 1945
  • Japanese leaders already making peace moves
  • US could have maintained a blockade or continued conventional bombing
  • Some scientists warned of possible effects
  • 1st bomb could have dropped on an unpopulated area as a demonstration
  • Blockade could have produced a surrender in August or September at the latest

Modern History - Conflict in the Pacific (1 decks)

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