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anatomy of the respiratory system > Conduction and Resp . zone anatomy > Flashcards

Conduction and Resp . zone anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What two structures play a dual function in respiratory and alimentary pathway

A

Mouth and pharynx

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2
Q

Air, food and liquid all pass through a common passage called

A

Oropharynx

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3
Q

What are the 4 paranasal sinus and their various locations

A

Frontal sinus - above the eye

Maxillary sinus - below the eye( maxillary region)

Ethmoidal sinus/cells - between the eye

Sphenoidal sinus - behind the eye

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4
Q

Mention four functions of the nose

A
  1. Airway for respiration
  2. Moistens and warns entering air
  3. Filters air
  4. Houses smell receptors
  5. Serves as a resonating chamber for speech
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5
Q

What structure divides the nasal cavity into the nasal vestibule and proper nasal cavity

A

Limen nasi

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6
Q

What is the choanae of the nose?

A

Posterior nasal aperture where the nasal cavity is continuous with the nasopharynx . It is also know as the INTERNAL NOSTRIL

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7
Q

What forms the medial wall of the nasal cavity

A

The nasal septum

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8
Q

What constitutes the roof of the nasal cavity

A

The cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone with bundles of olfactory nerves passing through the cribiform foramen of the cribiform plate.

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9
Q

What form the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

A

The 3 conchae ie

  1. Superior
  2. Middle
  3. Inferior
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10
Q

What structures are found beneath the 3 conchae. Group them according

A

Superior conchae - sphenoethmoidal recess, posterior ethmoidal cells, sphenoidal sinus

Middle conchae - ethmoidal bulla, frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, semilunar hiatus, middle ethmoidal cells, anterior ethmoidal cells, uncinate process

Inferior concha - nasolacrimal duct

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11
Q

What is the other name of the concha and mention it’s function

A

Turbinate

For filtration, heating/ warming of air (32-34 degree Celsius) and for humidification.

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12
Q

Which of the paranasal sinus is the largest

A

Maxillary sinus ( Also called Antrum of highmore)

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13
Q

What are the two mucous membranes that line the proper nasal cavity

A
  1. Olfactory mucosa ( pale or yellowish tint and less abundant)
  2. Respiratory mucosa( more abundant and pink or red in color)
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14
Q

Which mucosa of the proper nasal cavity has pseudostratified ciliate columnar epithelium that secrets mucus and is rich in blood supply

A

Respiratory mucosa

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15
Q

What is the anatomical position of the larynx

A

Opposite the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th cervical vertebrae . Superiorly attached you the hyoid bone and inferiority continues with the trachea

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16
Q

What structure runs laterally to the larynx

A

The carotid sheath

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17
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the larynx

A
  1. Voice production
  2. Controls air in and out of trachea
  3. Acts as switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channel.
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18
Q

Mention the cartilages that form the larynx

A

9 cartilages

  1. Epiglottic cartilage(1)
  2. Thyroid cartilage (1)
  3. Cricoid cartilage (1)
  4. Arytenoid cartilages (2)
  5. Cuneiform cartilages (2)
  6. Corniculate cartilages(2)
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19
Q

In what actions do the larynx ascend

A

Swallowing, and high pitch of voice

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20
Q

What structure of the thyroid cartilage serves as the attachment point of the thyrohyoid ligament to the hyoid bone

A

Superior corny

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21
Q

The cricothyroid joint is an articulation between which two structures

A

Inner aspect of the inferior Cornu and the lateral side of the broad lamina of the cricoid cartilage

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22
Q

What account for the larger laryngeal prominence in males than in female and what are the angles of inclination of the lamina for both gender

A

Endocrinological effect. Ie the level of testosterone in males accounts for prominent Adam’s apple. In females, the lamina are inclined at 120 degrees and in males 90 degrees.

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23
Q

What two conditions account for the production of voice sound

A
  1. Length of the vocal folds
  2. Tension of the vocal folds

The longer the length of vocal fold, the slower the vibration and hence production of deep voice

The more tensed the fold, the higher the pitch of sound

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24
Q

What accounts for the alternating high and low pitch sound in adolescent boys

A

Inability to control longer vocal folds

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25
Q

What account for the loudness of sound. Explain in relation to vocal folds

A

The greater the pressure of exhaled air, the stronger the vibration of the vocal fold and the louder the sound.
Great force———strong vibration———loud sound

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26
Q

Whispering causes the vocal fold to move. True or false

A

False. Vocal folds do not move gm when we whisper

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27
Q

Which structure of the respiratory system amplifies Sound by acting as a resonating chamber

A

Pharynx

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28
Q

What structure are responsible for pronunciations

A

Pharynx, tongue, soft palate and lips

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29
Q

What is the name given to the region between the tongue and the epiglottis

A

Vallecula

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30
Q

The false vocal fold is also called

A

The vestibular fold( ventricular fold)

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31
Q

The opening of the larynx is called

A

Superior laryngeal aperture/ laryngeal inlet or aditus

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32
Q

What constitutes the vocal fold

A

Vocal ligament + vocal is+ mucous membrane

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33
Q

What constitutes the vestibular fold

A

Vestibular ligament + mucous membrane

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34
Q

What name is given to the vocal opening

A

Rima glottidis

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35
Q

Rima glottidis is to the vocal fold while ——— is to the vestibular fold

A

Rima vestibuli ( play little or no role in voice production)

36
Q

What joins the inferior and superior projections of the lamina of the thyroid cartilage

A

The oblique line( major muscle attachment point)

37
Q

What two structures in addition to specific point does the vocal ligament insert

A

Middle part of the thyroid cartilage and the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage

38
Q

What is the corresponding movement of the vocal process to the backward and forward movement of the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage

A

Abduction and adduction

39
Q

The vocal ligament is joined to the upper boarder of the cricoid cartilage by what structure

A

Conus elasticus

40
Q

What is the name given to the tall upward projection of the arytenoid cartilage

A

Colliculus

41
Q

I’m quite breathing, what shape does the rima glottidis assume?

A

Diamond shape

42
Q

What structure form the framework of the pharynx

A

Epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage

43
Q

During deep breathing, what shape does the rima glottidis assume

A

Triangular

44
Q

In what action , does the rima glottidis assume a slit shape

A

Speaking or singing

45
Q

In what action does the rima glottidis completely close

A

Swallowing, holding your breath and coughing

46
Q

What muscle is responsible for the elongation and tightening of the vocal fold

A

Cricothyroid muscle

47
Q

What muscle causes the shortening and narrow of the vocal opening

A

Thyroarytenoid and transverse arytenoid muscles

48
Q

What muscles causes the abduction of the rima glottidis

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscles

49
Q

How does the aryepoglottic muscle run

A

Obliquely or in a crosswise direction. Ie the right arytenoid is joined to the left aryepiglottic fold and vice versa

50
Q

What is the function of the vocalist muscle

A

Make fine adjustments to the tension of the vocal ligament

51
Q

Why do some patients loss power in the arm to lift heavy objects after laryngectomy

A

The larynx in certain situations close to fix the thorax to increase mechanical advantage when using the arm to lift objects

52
Q

Mention all the known infrahyoid muscles

A
  1. Omohyoid
  2. Thyrohyoid
    3 . Sternohyoid
  3. Sternothyroid
53
Q

Mention all the suprahyoid muscles

A
  1. Mylohyoid
  2. Geniohyoid
  3. Digastric muscle
  4. Stylohyoid
54
Q

Mention the cavities of the larynx

A
  1. Laryngeal vestibule
  2. Intermediate cavity
  3. Infraglottic cavity
55
Q

At what level does the trachea begin and bifurcate into right and left main bronchi

A

Begins at C6 and bifurcated at the sternal angle

56
Q

What structure lies anterior to the cervical portion of the trachea

A

Isthmus if the thyroid gland at the 2nd, 3rd and 4th ring of the trachea

57
Q

What structure lies anterior to the thoracic portion of the trachea

A

Aortic arch( curves in front and left)

58
Q

What type of cartilages form the trachea

A

Hyaline cartilage

59
Q

How many C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage forms the trachea

A

16-20

60
Q

The hyaline cartilage are joined to each other by which type of connective tissue

A

Fibroelastic connective tissue ( accounting for its flexibility)

61
Q

What function does the trachealis play in the trachea

A

It contracts to decrease the diameter of the tracheal which helps expel irritants from the trachea during coughing

62
Q

What is the name given to the junction where the trachea bifurcates and what’s the anatomical significance of the underlying tissue of the junction

A

Carina ( keel) . The mucosa of the carina is very sensitive to irritants and generate a coughing reflex upon exposure to them

63
Q

Mention the lateral relations of the trachea

A

Paired loves of the thyroid gland, common carotid , inferior thyroid artery

64
Q

How does the right brunchi differ anatomically form the left brochi and what’s the significance of that

A

The right bronchi is wide, short and more vertical. For this reason aspiration of particle easily gets to this region then to the right lung

65
Q

List the bronchial tree in descending order

A

Primary / main bronchi—lobar / secondary bronchi— segmented/ tertiary bronchi— terminal bronchioles—-respiratory bronchioles—alveoli duct—- alveoli sac— alveoli

66
Q

What is the root of the lungs ( Hilum)

A

Wedge shaped area on the mediastinal surface of the lungs

67
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary ligament

A

Accommodate changes in the volume of pulmonary vessels

68
Q

Structures of the left hilum of the lungs

A
  1. Pulmonary artery
  2. Bronchus
  3. Pulmonary vein
69
Q

Structure of the right hilum

A
  1. Eparterial bronchus
  2. Pulmonary artery
  3. Hyparterial bronchus
  4. Pulmonary vein
70
Q

What are the differences between the right and left lung

A

Right lung. Left lung. 2 fissures. 1 fissure. 3 lobes. 2 lobes. Shorter, wider, Longer narrower, Heavier. Lighter
Lingular and cardiac
notch

71
Q

The oblique fissure extends from where to where

A

T2 to 6th costal cartilage

72
Q

Horizontal fissure extend along??

A

4th ribs and costal cartilage

73
Q

What are the prominent lobes of the lung

A

Posteriorly —— inferior lobe
Anteriorly —- left lung >sup. lobe
R.lung> sup and mid

NB. Middle lobe corresponds to the 4th intercostal space

74
Q

What are the anterior location of lung auscultation

A

Apex of the lung—- sup. to medial third of clavicle

Superior lobe—-2nd intercostal space

Middle lobe—4th intercostal space

Inferior lobe—- 6th or 7th intercostal space

75
Q

Posterior auscultation points are

A

Apex—- superior to medial third of clavicle

Superior lobe —- 2nd intercostal space

Inferior lobe— triangle of auscultation ( boarded by trapezius muscle, latissimus dorsi and the medial border of the scapula

76
Q

Bronchioles walls have cartilaginous coverings. True or false

A

False

77
Q

How many BP segments are there in the right lungs and their names

A
  1. From top
  2. Apical
  3. Posterior
  4. Anterior
  5. Lateral
  6. Medial
  7. Lateral basal
  8. Posterior basal
  9. Anterior basal
  10. Medial basal
  11. Superior
78
Q

How many BP segments mate in the left lung and name them

A

8-10.

  1. Apical
  2. Posterior
  3. Anterior
  4. Superior lingular
  5. Inferior lingular
  6. Superior
  7. Anterior/ medial basal
  8. Lateral basal
  9. Posterior basal
79
Q

Where will aspiration not foreign bodies most likely occur

A

Right bronchi

80
Q

Where will aspirated fluid go when seated uPright

A

Right posterior basal segment

81
Q

Where will aspirated fluid go when lying in the SUPine ?

A

Right superior segment.

82
Q

Where does the right bronchial artery arrive from

A

Thoracic aorta or the 3rd posterior intercostal artery

83
Q

Where does the left bronchial artery arise from

A

Thoracic aorta

84
Q

Where does the left bronchial vein drain into

A

Accessory hemiazygos vein

85
Q

Where does the right bronchial vein drain into

A

Azygos vein

86
Q

What’s is hemoptysis

A

Spitting of blood from the lungs ( bronchial vessels)

87
Q

What’s is the test for lung maturity in children and what’s is the range of maturity

A

Lecinthin spingomyelin ratio > 2.0

anatomy of the respiratory system (1 decks)

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