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Anatomy of the Respiratory System > Conduction and Resp . zone anatomy > Flashcards

Conduction and Resp . zone anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What two structures play a dual function in respiratory and alimentary pathway

A

Mouth and pharynx

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2
Q

Air, food and liquid all pass through a common passage called

A

Oropharynx

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3
Q

What are the 4 paranasal sinus and their various locations

A

Frontal sinus - above the eye

Maxillary sinus - below the eye( maxillary region)

Ethmoidal sinus/cells - between the eye

Sphenoidal sinus - behind the eye

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4
Q

Mention four functions of the nose

A
  1. Airway for respiration
  2. Moistens and warns entering air
  3. Filters air
  4. Houses smell receptors
  5. Serves as a resonating chamber for speech
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5
Q

What structure divides the nasal cavity into the nasal vestibule and proper nasal cavity

A

Limen nasi

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6
Q

What is the choanae of the nose?

A

Posterior nasal aperture where the nasal cavity is continuous with the nasopharynx . It is also know as the INTERNAL NOSTRIL

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7
Q

What forms the medial wall of the nasal cavity

A

The nasal septum

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8
Q

What constitutes the roof of the nasal cavity

A

The cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone with bundles of olfactory nerves passing through the cribiform foramen of the cribiform plate.

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9
Q

What form the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

A

The 3 conchae ie

  1. Superior
  2. Middle
  3. Inferior
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10
Q

What structures are found beneath the 3 conchae. Group them according

A

Superior conchae - sphenoethmoidal recess, posterior ethmoidal cells, sphenoidal sinus

Middle conchae - ethmoidal bulla, frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, semilunar hiatus, middle ethmoidal cells, anterior ethmoidal cells, uncinate process

Inferior concha - nasolacrimal duct

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11
Q

What is the other name of the concha and mention it’s function

A

Turbinate

For filtration, heating/ warming of air (32-34 degree Celsius) and for humidification.

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12
Q

Which of the paranasal sinus is the largest

A

Maxillary sinus ( Also called Antrum of highmore)

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13
Q

What are the two mucous membranes that line the proper nasal cavity

A
  1. Olfactory mucosa ( pale or yellowish tint and less abundant)
  2. Respiratory mucosa( more abundant and pink or red in color)
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14
Q

Which mucosa of the proper nasal cavity has pseudostratified ciliate columnar epithelium that secrets mucus and is rich in blood supply

A

Respiratory mucosa

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15
Q

What is the anatomical position of the larynx

A

Opposite the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th cervical vertebrae . Superiorly attached you the hyoid bone and inferiority continues with the trachea

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16
Q

What structure runs laterally to the larynx

A

The carotid sheath

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17
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the larynx

A
  1. Voice production
  2. Controls air in and out of trachea
  3. Acts as switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channel.
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18
Q

Mention the cartilages that form the larynx

A

9 cartilages

  1. Epiglottic cartilage(1)
  2. Thyroid cartilage (1)
  3. Cricoid cartilage (1)
  4. Arytenoid cartilages (2)
  5. Cuneiform cartilages (2)
  6. Corniculate cartilages(2)
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19
Q

In what actions do the larynx ascend

A

Swallowing, and high pitch of voice

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20
Q

What structure of the thyroid cartilage serves as the attachment point of the thyrohyoid ligament to the hyoid bone

A

Superior corny

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21
Q

The cricothyroid joint is an articulation between which two structures

A

Inner aspect of the inferior Cornu and the lateral side of the broad lamina of the cricoid cartilage

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22
Q

What account for the larger laryngeal prominence in males than in female and what are the angles of inclination of the lamina for both gender

A

Endocrinological effect. Ie the level of testosterone in males accounts for prominent Adam’s apple. In females, the lamina are inclined at 120 degrees and in males 90 degrees.

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23
Q

What two conditions account for the production of voice sound

A
  1. Length of the vocal folds
  2. Tension of the vocal folds

The longer the length of vocal fold, the slower the vibration and hence production of deep voice

The more tensed the fold, the higher the pitch of sound

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24
Q

What accounts for the alternating high and low pitch sound in adolescent boys

A

Inability to control longer vocal folds

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25
What account for the loudness of sound. Explain in relation to vocal folds
The greater the pressure of exhaled air, the stronger the vibration of the vocal fold and the louder the sound. Great force———strong vibration———loud sound
26
Whispering causes the vocal fold to move. True or false
False. Vocal folds do not move gm when we whisper
27
Which structure of the respiratory system amplifies Sound by acting as a resonating chamber
Pharynx
28
What structure are responsible for pronunciations
Pharynx, tongue, soft palate and lips
29
What is the name given to the region between the tongue and the epiglottis
Vallecula
30
The false vocal fold is also called
The vestibular fold( ventricular fold)
31
The opening of the larynx is called
Superior laryngeal aperture/ laryngeal inlet or aditus
32
What constitutes the vocal fold
Vocal ligament + vocal is+ mucous membrane
33
What constitutes the vestibular fold
Vestibular ligament + mucous membrane
34
What name is given to the vocal opening
Rima glottidis
35
Rima glottidis is to the vocal fold while ——— is to the vestibular fold
Rima vestibuli ( play little or no role in voice production)
36
What joins the inferior and superior projections of the lamina of the thyroid cartilage
The oblique line( major muscle attachment point)
37
What two structures in addition to specific point does the vocal ligament insert
Middle part of the thyroid cartilage and the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage
38
What is the corresponding movement of the vocal process to the backward and forward movement of the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
Abduction and adduction
39
The vocal ligament is joined to the upper boarder of the cricoid cartilage by what structure
Conus elasticus
40
What is the name given to the tall upward projection of the arytenoid cartilage
Colliculus
41
I’m quite breathing, what shape does the rima glottidis assume?
Diamond shape
42
What structure form the framework of the pharynx
Epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage
43
During deep breathing, what shape does the rima glottidis assume
Triangular
44
In what action , does the rima glottidis assume a slit shape
Speaking or singing
45
In what action does the rima glottidis completely close
Swallowing, holding your breath and coughing
46
What muscle is responsible for the elongation and tightening of the vocal fold
Cricothyroid muscle
47
What muscle causes the shortening and narrow of the vocal opening
Thyroarytenoid and transverse arytenoid muscles
48
What muscles causes the abduction of the rima glottidis
Posterior cricoarytenoid muscles
49
How does the aryepoglottic muscle run
Obliquely or in a crosswise direction. Ie the right arytenoid is joined to the left aryepiglottic fold and vice versa
50
What is the function of the vocalist muscle
Make fine adjustments to the tension of the vocal ligament
51
Why do some patients loss power in the arm to lift heavy objects after laryngectomy
The larynx in certain situations close to fix the thorax to increase mechanical advantage when using the arm to lift objects
52
Mention all the known infrahyoid muscles
1. Omohyoid 2. Thyrohyoid 3 . Sternohyoid 4. Sternothyroid
53
Mention all the suprahyoid muscles
1. Mylohyoid 2. Geniohyoid 3. Digastric muscle 4. Stylohyoid
54
Mention the cavities of the larynx
1. Laryngeal vestibule 2. Intermediate cavity 3. Infraglottic cavity
55
At what level does the trachea begin and bifurcate into right and left main bronchi
Begins at C6 and bifurcated at the sternal angle
56
What structure lies anterior to the cervical portion of the trachea
Isthmus if the thyroid gland at the 2nd, 3rd and 4th ring of the trachea
57
What structure lies anterior to the thoracic portion of the trachea
Aortic arch( curves in front and left)
58
What type of cartilages form the trachea
Hyaline cartilage
59
How many C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage forms the trachea
16-20
60
The hyaline cartilage are joined to each other by which type of connective tissue
Fibroelastic connective tissue ( accounting for its flexibility)
61
What function does the trachealis play in the trachea
It contracts to decrease the diameter of the tracheal which helps expel irritants from the trachea during coughing
62
What is the name given to the junction where the trachea bifurcates and what’s the anatomical significance of the underlying tissue of the junction
Carina ( keel) . The mucosa of the carina is very sensitive to irritants and generate a coughing reflex upon exposure to them
63
Mention the lateral relations of the trachea
Paired loves of the thyroid gland, common carotid , inferior thyroid artery
64
How does the right brunchi differ anatomically form the left brochi and what’s the significance of that
The right bronchi is wide, short and more vertical. For this reason aspiration of particle easily gets to this region then to the right lung
65
List the bronchial tree in descending order
Primary / main bronchi—lobar / secondary bronchi— segmented/ tertiary bronchi— terminal bronchioles—-respiratory bronchioles—alveoli duct—- alveoli sac— alveoli
66
What is the root of the lungs ( Hilum)
Wedge shaped area on the mediastinal surface of the lungs
67
What is the function of the pulmonary ligament
Accommodate changes in the volume of pulmonary vessels
68
Structures of the left hilum of the lungs
1. Pulmonary artery 2. Bronchus 3. Pulmonary vein
69
Structure of the right hilum
1. Eparterial bronchus 2. Pulmonary artery 3. Hyparterial bronchus 4. Pulmonary vein
70
What are the differences between the right and left lung
Right lung. Left lung. 2 fissures. 1 fissure. 3 lobes. 2 lobes. Shorter, wider, Longer narrower, Heavier. Lighter Lingular and cardiac notch
71
The oblique fissure extends from where to where
T2 to 6th costal cartilage
72
Horizontal fissure extend along??
4th ribs and costal cartilage
73
What are the prominent lobes of the lung
Posteriorly —— inferior lobe Anteriorly —- left lung >sup. lobe R.lung> sup and mid NB. Middle lobe corresponds to the 4th intercostal space
74
What are the anterior location of lung auscultation
Apex of the lung—- sup. to medial third of clavicle Superior lobe—-2nd intercostal space Middle lobe—4th intercostal space Inferior lobe—- 6th or 7th intercostal space
75
Posterior auscultation points are
Apex—- superior to medial third of clavicle Superior lobe —- 2nd intercostal space Inferior lobe— triangle of auscultation ( boarded by trapezius muscle, latissimus dorsi and the medial border of the scapula
76
Bronchioles walls have cartilaginous coverings. True or false
False
77
How many BP segments are there in the right lungs and their names
10. From top 1. Apical 2. Posterior 3. Anterior 4. Lateral 5. Medial 6. Lateral basal 7. Posterior basal 8. Anterior basal 9. Medial basal 10. Superior
78
How many BP segments mate in the left lung and name them
8-10. 1. Apical 2. Posterior 3. Anterior 4. Superior lingular 5. Inferior lingular 6. Superior 7. Anterior/ medial basal 8. Lateral basal 9. Posterior basal
79
Where will aspiration not foreign bodies most likely occur
Right bronchi
80
Where will aspirated fluid go when seated uPright
Right posterior basal segment
81
Where will aspirated fluid go when lying in the SUPine ?
Right superior segment.
82
Where does the right bronchial artery arrive from
Thoracic aorta or the 3rd posterior intercostal artery
83
Where does the left bronchial artery arise from
Thoracic aorta
84
Where does the left bronchial vein drain into
Accessory hemiazygos vein
85
Where does the right bronchial vein drain into
Azygos vein
86
What’s is hemoptysis
Spitting of blood from the lungs ( bronchial vessels)
87
What’s is the test for lung maturity in children and what’s is the range of maturity
Lecinthin spingomyelin ratio > 2.0

Anatomy of the Respiratory System (1 decks)

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