Conducting & Respiratory Portion Flashcards by Karen Fouad

The most abundant cell in respiratory mucosa

Ciliated columnar cell

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Function of basal cells

Can differentiate into ciliated and goblet cells

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Function of brush cells

Chemosensory cells

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System to which K cells belong

Diffuse neuroendocrine system

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Contrast the lining epithelim of parts of vestibule

1st part: stratified squamous keratinised with vibrissae

2nd part: respiratory epithelium

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Mention contents of dermis of vestibule

Sweat and sebaceous glands

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Nasal fossa lamina propria contains …….. glands, to….. .

Mucoserous

Trap any F. B. removed by action of cilia.

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Gland producing serous fluid of olfactory epithelium is

Bowman’s glands

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The color of olfactory mucosa is due to

Yellowish pigment found in cytoplasm of sustentacular cells.

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……. binds supporting to olfactory cells

Junctional complex

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Describe axon of olfactory cells

Unmyelinated directed to olfactory bulb

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Type of olfactory cells

Sensory bipolar nerve cell

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Special feature of olfactory cilia

Immotile lacking dyenin arms

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Special feature of olfactory cells (as neurons)

Can be regenerated by basal cells in postnatal life

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Compare lining epithelium of superior, middle and inferior chonchae

Sup = specialized olfactory epithelium
Mid+inf = respiratory epithelium

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Mention special structure in lamina propria of chochae and its function

Swell bodies (large venous plexus)
Reduce flow of air to moisten and warm it.

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Why does stuffed nose occur?

In overheated environment or due to infection

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Mention 5 structures and correlated functions if nose

Hair trap coarse particles
Mucus traps fine particles
Muco-serous secrtion moisten incoming air
Swell bodies warm air
Bowman’s glands secretions clear olfactory cilia and dissolve odorous gases.

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Mention two sites in which the lamina propria is continous with periosteum

Paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx

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Result of obstruction of meatuses is …… .

Sinusitis

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Describe capsule and lining epithelim of pharyngeal tonsil

Un-encapsulated

Respiratory

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Clinical manifestation of adenoids

Chronic mouth breathing

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Type of tracheal cartilage

Hyaline

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……. & ……. bridge between hyaline cartilages of trachea

Smooth muscle (trachealis muscle)
Fibroelastic ligament (tissue)

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Mention | Structure between mucosa and submucosa and its function

Dense elastic lamina of lamina propria | Resposible for elastic recoil of trachea

Source of most mucus of trachea is …… .

Mucus glands in submucosa

Describe the change which occurs to respiratory epithelium with chronic irritation

Metaplasia, number of goblet cells increases relative to ciliated cells to trap irritants

Mention points of contrast between trachea and primary bronchi

1. Spirally arranged smooth muscle. 2. Elastic fibers in L.P. 3. Most cartilage rings completely encircle the lumen

Mention site of smooth muscle fibers and their arrangement in intrapulmonary bronchi

Between mucosa and cartilage | Helically arranged

Mention site of BALT

At branching points of bronchial tree

Types of Abs secreted by BALT

IgA/IgE

Mention contents of lamina propria of large bronchioles

Elastic fibers & smooth muscle fibers

Lining mucosa of small bronchioles

Simple columnar to cubical partially ciliated epithelium with club cells L.P. still has elastic fibers Smooth muscle fibers comprise high proportion of the wall surrounded by connective tissue

Give reason: goblet cells disappear just before the level where cilia disappear

To avoid accumulation of secretions

Lining epithelium of terminal bronchioles

Simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium with non-ciliated club cells

Clara don’t have cilia instead they have …..

Blunt microvilli

Enumerate functions of Clara cells

Secrete surfactant Detoxificaation of inhaled harmful substances Secretion of antimicrobial peptides and cytokines Progenitor cells

What happens when smooth muscle of brochiole contract

Increase airway resistance ==> asthma attack

Lining epithelium of respiratory bronchioles

Simple cuboidal ciliated epithelium with club cells

Lining epithelium of alveolar duct

Low cubical epithelium

Fibers found in alveolar duct and their function

1. Elastic fibers allow expansion and recoil. | 2. Reticular fibers give support and prevent over-distension.

Lining epithelium of alveoli

Alveolar epithelium

Junctions between alveolar epithelium

Tight junctions

Functions of type I pneumocytes

- Type I cells maintain the alveolar side of blood-air barrier. - Gas exchange

Mention the marker for type II pneumocytes

Membrane-bound lamellar bodies that contain pulmonary surfactant (phospholipid material)

Functions of type II pneumocytes

Synthesize and sectrete pulmonary surfactant which decrease surface tension Regenerate both types of cells

Describe mechanism of surfactant turn-over

It is removed by pinocytosis by both types of pneumocytes and by macrophages then re-secreted by type II pneumocytes

Communication channels between alveoli

Alveolar pores

Mention components of interalveolar septum

1. Alveolar epithelium (I&II) 2. Capillary network 3. Fused basement membrane of alveolar epithelium & endothelial cells 4. Network of reticular, elastic & collagenous fibers containing connective tissue cells.

Mention components and function of blood-air barrier.

1. Pulmonary surfactant 2. Type I pneumocytes 3. Fused basal lamina of 1&2 4. Continuous endothelium of blood capillaries

Type of capillary network in interalveolar septum

Continuous non-fenestrated

What are heart failure cells and their fate?

Macrophages which phagocytose extravasated blood in cases of congestive heart failure. They are either coughed out with sputum or migrate to hilar lymph nodes

Epithelium of pleura is …… .

Simple squamous mesothelium

Lining epithelium of vocal cords

Stratified squamous non-keratinised

Structures binding large and small cartilages of larynx

Ligaments and voluntary muscles of lamina propria

Large cartilages are

Hyaline cartilages

Small cartilages are | Mention their fate

Elastic cartilage | Ossify in old age

Menrion parts of epiglottis lined by stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium, then give reason.

Lingual surface & the upper part of the laryngeal surface because they are subjected to minor abrasions when they come in contact with swallowed material

Lining epithelium of basal part of laryngeal surface of epiglottis

Pseudo-stratified columnar cilated epithelium with goblet cells

Lamina propria of epiglottis is supported by

Elastic cartilage

Compare histological features of mucosa of vestibular and vocal folds

Vestibular: respiratory epithelium, serous glands in L.P. Vocal: stratified squamous, elastic fibers and vocalis muscle in L.P.

Functions of larynx

1. Cartilages: Supporting role, prevent swallowed food or fluid from entering trachea, sound production. 2. Coughing reflex

Reslult of laryngitis

Change or complete loss of voice

Benign lesion occuring frequently in true vocal cors

Singer's nodules