Conducting & Respiratory Portion Flashcards
The most abundant cell in respiratory mucosa
Ciliated columnar cell
Function of basal cells
Can differentiate into ciliated and goblet cells
Function of brush cells
Chemosensory cells
System to which K cells belong
Diffuse neuroendocrine system
Contrast the lining epithelim of parts of vestibule
1st part: stratified squamous keratinised with vibrissae
2nd part: respiratory epithelium
Mention contents of dermis of vestibule
Sweat and sebaceous glands
Nasal fossa lamina propria contains …….. glands, to….. .
Mucoserous
Trap any F. B. removed by action of cilia.
Gland producing serous fluid of olfactory epithelium is
Bowman’s glands
The color of olfactory mucosa is due to
Yellowish pigment found in cytoplasm of sustentacular cells.
……. binds supporting to olfactory cells
Junctional complex
Describe axon of olfactory cells
Unmyelinated directed to olfactory bulb
Type of olfactory cells
Sensory bipolar nerve cell
Special feature of olfactory cilia
Immotile lacking dyenin arms
Special feature of olfactory cells (as neurons)
Can be regenerated by basal cells in postnatal life
Compare lining epithelium of superior, middle and inferior chonchae
Sup = specialized olfactory epithelium Mid+inf = respiratory epithelium
Mention special structure in lamina propria of chochae and its function
Swell bodies (large venous plexus) Reduce flow of air to moisten and warm it.
Why does stuffed nose occur?
In overheated environment or due to infection
Mention 5 structures and correlated functions if nose
- Hair trap coarse particles
- Mucus traps fine particles
- Muco-serous secrtion moisten incoming air
- Swell bodies warm air
- Bowman’s glands secretions clear olfactory cilia and dissolve odorous gases.
Mention two sites in which the lamina propria is continous with periosteum
Paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx
Result of obstruction of meatuses is …… .
Sinusitis
Describe capsule and lining epithelim of pharyngeal tonsil
Un-encapsulated
Respiratory
Clinical manifestation of adenoids
Chronic mouth breathing
Type of tracheal cartilage
Hyaline
……. & ……. bridge between hyaline cartilages of trachea
Smooth muscle (trachealis muscle) Fibroelastic ligament (tissue)
Mention
Structure between mucosa and submucosa and its function
Dense elastic lamina of lamina propria
Resposible for elastic recoil of trachea
Source of most mucus of trachea is …… .
Mucus glands in submucosa
Describe the change which occurs to respiratory epithelium with chronic irritation
Metaplasia, number of goblet cells increases relative to ciliated cells to trap irritants
Mention points of contrast between trachea and primary bronchi
- Spirally arranged smooth muscle.
- Elastic fibers in L.P.
- Most cartilage rings completely encircle the lumen
Mention site of smooth muscle fibers and their arrangement in intrapulmonary bronchi
Between mucosa and cartilage
Helically arranged
Mention site of BALT
At branching points of bronchial tree
Types of Abs secreted by BALT
IgA/IgE
Mention contents of lamina propria of large bronchioles
Elastic fibers & smooth muscle fibers
Lining mucosa of small bronchioles
Simple columnar to cubical partially ciliated epithelium with club cells
L.P. still has elastic fibers
Smooth muscle fibers comprise high proportion of the wall surrounded by connective tissue
Give reason: goblet cells disappear just before the level where cilia disappear
To avoid accumulation of secretions
Lining epithelium of terminal bronchioles
Simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium with non-ciliated club cells
Clara don’t have cilia instead they have …..
Blunt microvilli
Enumerate functions of Clara cells
Secrete surfactant
Detoxificaation of inhaled harmful substances
Secretion of antimicrobial peptides and cytokines
Progenitor cells
What happens when smooth muscle of brochiole contract
Increase airway resistance ==> asthma attack
Lining epithelium of respiratory bronchioles
Simple cuboidal ciliated epithelium with club cells
Lining epithelium of alveolar duct
Low cubical epithelium
Fibers found in alveolar duct and their function
- Elastic fibers allow expansion and recoil.
2. Reticular fibers give support and prevent over-distension.
Lining epithelium of alveoli
Alveolar epithelium
Junctions between alveolar epithelium
Tight junctions
Functions of type I pneumocytes
- Type I cells maintain the alveolar side of blood-air barrier.
- Gas exchange
Mention the marker for type II pneumocytes
Membrane-bound lamellar bodies that contain pulmonary surfactant (phospholipid material)
Functions of type II pneumocytes
Synthesize and sectrete pulmonary surfactant which decrease surface tension
Regenerate both types of cells
Describe mechanism of surfactant turn-over
It is removed by pinocytosis by both types of pneumocytes and by macrophages then re-secreted by type II pneumocytes
Communication channels between alveoli
Alveolar pores
Mention components of interalveolar septum
- Alveolar epithelium (I&II)
- Capillary network
- Fused basement membrane of alveolar epithelium & endothelial cells
- Network of reticular, elastic & collagenous fibers containing connective tissue cells.
Mention components and function of blood-air barrier.
- Pulmonary surfactant
- Type I pneumocytes
- Fused basal lamina of 1&2
- Continuous endothelium of blood capillaries
Type of capillary network in interalveolar septum
Continuous non-fenestrated
What are heart failure cells and their fate?
Macrophages which phagocytose extravasated blood in cases of congestive heart failure.
They are either coughed out with sputum or migrate to hilar lymph nodes
Epithelium of pleura is …… .
Simple squamous mesothelium
Lining epithelium of vocal cords
Stratified squamous non-keratinised
Structures binding large and small cartilages of larynx
Ligaments and voluntary muscles of lamina propria
Large cartilages are
Hyaline cartilages
Small cartilages are
Mention their fate
Elastic cartilage
Ossify in old age
Menrion parts of epiglottis lined by stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium, then give reason.
Lingual surface & the upper part of the laryngeal surface because they are subjected to minor abrasions when they come in contact with swallowed material
Lining epithelium of basal part of laryngeal surface of epiglottis
Pseudo-stratified columnar cilated epithelium with goblet cells
Lamina propria of epiglottis is supported by
Elastic cartilage
Compare histological features of mucosa of vestibular and vocal folds
Vestibular: respiratory epithelium, serous glands in L.P.
Vocal: stratified squamous, elastic fibers and vocalis muscle in L.P.
Functions of larynx
- Cartilages:
Supporting role, prevent swallowed food or fluid from entering trachea, sound production. - Coughing reflex
Reslult of laryngitis
Change or complete loss of voice
Benign lesion occuring frequently in true vocal cors
Singer’s nodules
