Conditions that may require BMT

Question 1

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Answer 1

Cancer of bone marrow that affects WBCs due to an error that develops in bone marrow DNA
Can spread through the blood spread to other parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, liver, spleen, central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and testicles (in males)
*Affects production of lymphocytes (usually B cells or T cells)

Question 2

Myeloid cells

Answer 2

Type of WBCs: granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells that are rapidly recruited to sites of tissue damage and infection via various chemokine receptors.

Question 3

Acute myeloid leukemia

Answer 3

Bone marrow cancer with excess immature WBCs, originating in myeloid cells

Question 4

Lymphoma

Answer 4

Cancer of the lymphatic system, including lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and bone marrow
Solid tumors made up of blood cells, usually causing enlarged nodes or solid masses

Question 5

Aplastic anemia

Answer 5

A form of bone marrow failure where the body stops producing enough new blood cells because stem cells are damaged, leaving the bone marrow empty (aplastic) or with few blood cells (hypoplastic)

Question 6

Medulloblastoma

Answer 6

1. Cancerous brain tumor that starts in the cerebellum (lower back part of the brain responsible for coordination, balance, movement)
2. A type of primary CNS tumor
3. Grade IV tumors (malignant and fast growing)
4. Known as embryonal neuroepithelial tumor because it forms in fetal cells that remain after birth.

Question 7

Neuroblastoma

Answer 7

Cancer that develops in immature nerve tissues (cancer of nervous system). Affects neuroblasts in the adrenal glands (small organs that sit on top of the kidneys).

Question 8

Hurler’s Syndrome

Answer 8

the body is missing or does not have enough of an enzyme needed to break down long chains of sugar molecules (glycosaminoglycans), resulting in the molecules accumulating in different parts of the body leading to various health issues

Question 9

Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)

Answer 9

A group of cancers in which immature blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature or become healthy blood cells.

Question 10

Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)

Answer 10

Immature blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature or become healthy blood cells, and are abnormal (dysplastic)
Defective cells die earlier than normal cells, and the body also destroys some abnormal blood cells, leaving the person without enough normal blood cells. Different cell types can be affected, although the most common finding in MDS is a shortage of red blood cells (anemia).
1 in 3 patients will develop AML

Question 11

Adrenal leukodystrophy

Answer 11

A genetic condition that damages the membrane (myelin sheath) that covers nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. Myelin acts as insulation around the nerve fibers.
When the insulating layer is damaged, nerve signals from the brain cannot communicate across the body properly, causing impaired bodily functions or paralysis.
Early diagnosis = stem cell transplant to stop progression

Question 12

Neuroblastoma gene (high risk)

Answer 12

Children with extra copies of a gene called MYCN will receive treatment for high-risk neuroblastoma no matter what stage of the disease they have. Providers use the most aggressive treatment when a child has more of this gene. The MYCN gene drives abnormal cell growth. It can cause tumors to grow faster and spread throughout the body.

Question 13

Neuroblastoma gene (high risk)

Answer 13

Children with extra copies of a gene called MYCN will receive treatment for high-risk neuroblastoma no matter what stage of the disease they have. Providers use the most aggressive treatment when a child has more of this gene. The MYCN gene drives abnormal cell growth. It can cause tumors to grow faster and spread throughout the body.