conditions needed and names of reactions

Question 1

turning benzene into cylcohexane

Answer 1

hydrogen and nickel catalyst

Question 2

what type of reaction is nitration

Answer 2

substitution

Question 3

describe nitration

Answer 3

• concentrated sulfuric and concentrated nitric acid
• mixed together and held in an ice bath
• reflux condenser set up and the mixture is kept at 50 degrees to prevent further substitution reactions occurring

Question 4

describe halogenation

Answer 4

• halogen carrier AlCl3

-

Question 5

define fridel crafts reaction

Answer 5

• substitution reaction where hydrogen is exchanged for an alkyl or an acyl chain

Question 6

describe fidel crafts with haloalkanes

Answer 6

• halgoen carrier
• room temperature
• mixture of products made so separate using fractional distillation or chromatography - can add escess benzene to raise th yield

Question 7

describe fidel crafts with haloalkanes

Answer 7

• halgoen carrier
• room temperature
• mixture of products made so separate using fractional distillation or chromatography - can add excess benzene to raise the yield

Question 8

describe fridel crafts reaction with acyl chloride

Answer 8

• halogen carrier
• reflux 60 degrees 30 minutes
• anhydrous

Question 9

decsribe bromiantion with phenol

Answer 9

• room temperature
• bromine water
• produces a white precipitate

Question 10

describe nitration with phenol

Answer 10

• room temperature
• dilute nitric acid
• if concentrated nirtic acid is used then a triple substitution reaction will occur

Question 11

oxidation with potassium dichromate

Answer 11

• acidified potassium dichromate
• sulfuric acid
• heated gently under reflux

Question 12

nucleophilic substition

Answer 12

sodium tetrahydridoborate

hydrogen cyanide

Question 13

electrophilic substition

Answer 13

• nitration
• halogenation -
• bromination

Question 14

reduction

Answer 14

• NaBH4
• aqueous conditions
• alcohol

Question 15

reaction with hydrogen cyanide

Answer 15

• hydrogen cynaide, potassium cyanide, sodium cyanide

Question 16

bradeys reagent

Answer 16

• methanol
• sulfruic acid
• solution of 2,4-DNP
• only affects carbonyl bond

Question 17

tollens reagent

Answer 17

• sodium hydroxide is added to silver nitrate solution until a brown precipitate is formed, dilute ammonia is added drop wise until the brown precipitate redissolves

Question 18

esters

Answer 18

• alcohol
• carboxylic acid
• sulfuric acid catalyst
• reversible reaction
• distillation has to be separated from the reaction mixture using distalltin
• large esters - reaction mixture will needed to be heated under reflux until equilibrium is established

Question 19

how to make an acyl chloride

Answer 19

• SOCL2
• room temperature
• carboxylic acid
• produces acyl chloride and sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride gas
• separated from the reaction mixture using distillation

Question 20

preparation of aromatic amines

Answer 20

• tin
• concentrated hydrochloric acid
• reflux
• 100 degrees
• after about 1/2 hour strong alkali such as sodium hydroxide is added this undergoes a neutralisation reaction to remove the excess hydrochloric acid and produce the amine
• separating includes steam distillation, solvent extraction and further distillation

Question 21

haloalkane to an alcohol

Answer 21

• NaOH
• water
• reflux

Question 22

Reduction of nitriles

Answer 22

150
Nickel
Hydrogen

Question 23

Hydrolysis of nitirles

Answer 23

Reflux
Hcl
Water
Forms carboxylic acid and ammonium chloride

Question 24

Primary amide

Answer 24

Acyl chloride

Concentrated ammonia

Question 25

Secondary amode

Answer 25

Acyl chlrodie primary amide