Conditions in which Authoritarian States Emerged

Question 1

weakness of political system
what occurred in 1861?

Answer 1

Risorgimento nationalist movement created a ‘unified’ and independent Italy that had many serious underlying problems

Question 2

weakness of political system
how did liberals keep their dominance in new Italy?

Answer 2

feared influence of:
* socialists
* anarchists
* republicans
* catholic church

consequently, only 2% population initially allowed to vote

Question 3

weakness of political system
what was trasformismo?

Answer 3

political corruption
politicians formed factions that made deals with one another to alternate political control

still occurred despite all adult males being allowed to vote by 1912

Question 4

weakness of political system
what did liberal Italians hope to achieve?

Answer 4

social reforms
* state education (break conservative influence of Catholic Church)
* stimulate economic development

Question 5

weakness of political system
How did the Papacy oppose the new Italian State?

Answer 5

• no real harmony between state and catholic church
• 1904: Pope permitted catholics to vote in constituencies where abstaining would result in socialist victory

Question 6

weakness of political system
why were nationalists angry at the new italian state?

Answer 6

• still angry over Abyssinian defeat in 1896
• wanted to press for more aggressive imperial policy
• wanted Italy to join top ranks of european powers and establish its own empire *(terra irredenta) *

Question 7

social division
how did geography impact social division?

Answer 7

• people felt more loyal to town/region than national government
• mountain ranges and islands made communication difficult
• past rulers neglected infrastructure in the south, to stop spread of northern revolutionary ideas
• hindered development of true national identity

Question 8

social division
how did social inequality become prevalent?

Answer 8

• most land owned by wealthy landowners rented to peasants
• rural labourers large and bottom of social scale
• poverty and discontent led to class conflict

Question 9

social division
what did social disatisfaction result in?

Answer 9

• many workers joined socialists or anarchists
• many emigrated to the US
• 1904: general strike took place

Question 10

economic
how did geography influence to income inequality?

Answer 10

• land suitable for farming in the South was restricted by geography and climate
• most fertile land owned by small minority of wealthy landowners
• vast majority of population extremely poor

Question 11

economic
how did the north compare to the south technology and development wise?

Answer 11

• northern agriculture more developed, modern farming methods and machinery used
• no real investment in the south

Question 12

economic
by 1913, how many cars was fiatcar company exporting?

Answer 12

more than 4000

Question 13

economic
how did wealth accumulate in the north?

Answer 13

• nothern towns and cities grew rapidly
• created large industrial working class, sizeable lower-middle class and powerful class of rich industrialists and bankers

Question 14

impact of war
how was italy impacted by WWI?

Answer 14

• High inflation
• Government war supply demand dropped hitting heavy industry
• high casualties in military and civilians due to poor leadership and spread of disease/malnutrition
• 1919:Unemployment reaches 2 million

Question 15

**impact of war **
why was italy in debt after the war?

Answer 15

• Borrowed heavily from Britain and the USA
• 1919: 85 billion lire debt

Question 16

**impact of war **
why were small businesses suffering?

Answer 16

Many struggled with the higher prices

Question 17

impact of war
what occurred between 1919-1921?

Answer 17

• Biennio Rosso - two years of socialist unrest
• 1919: 1 million workers went on strike

Question 18

impact of war
what was the impact of the paris peace treaties?

Answer 18

• country gained no African territory
• Italy was refused of Fiume and northern Dalmatia
• many Italians thought their sacrificies should be repaid by substantial territorial rewards

nationalists viewed the treaties as a ‘mutilated victory’

Question 19

weakness of political system
what was the march on rome, and how did it allow for mussolini to take power?

Answer 19

october 28th, 1922
* fascist squads take over town halls, railway stations, and telephones in northern italy
* king does not arrest mussolini, but appoints him prime minister on october 29th, 1922