Conditions for science Flashcards
Biological explanation of asthma
Asthma is a chronic lung disease that occurs when the airways in the lungs become inflamed and narrow, making it difficult to breathe.
Cause of asthma
The exact cause of asthma is unknown, but it’s likely a combination of genetics and environmental factors such as family history, premature birth, etc.
Symptoms of asthma
Wheezing, shortness of breathe, chest tightness and coughing.
Monitoring and treatment for asthma
Inhalers, and regular checkup
Diagnosis of asthma
Spirometry test: Measures how much air a patient can breathe out and how fast. and/or the peak expiratory flow test: measures how fast a patient can blow air out using maximum effort.
Biological explanation of coronary heart disease
Coronary heart disease (CHD) occurs when the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart narrow or become blocked. This is usually due to atherosclerosis, a buildup of plaque and fatty material in the arteries.
Cause of CHD
Lifestyle: smoking and drinking too much alcohol, being overweight and not excerising regularly
Health conditions: high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabeties.
Symptoms of CHD
Chest pain, shortness of breathe, fatigue, swelling in the hands or feet, or heart palpitations
Treatment and management of CHD
Lifestyle changes, medications (such as beta blockers), and Angioplasty: A catheter-based procedure that uses a balloon to open a blocked artery
Diagnosis of CHD
Via a ECG, risk assessment, and a stress test.
Biological explanation of duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disease that occurs when there’s a mutation in the dystrophin gene, which results in a lack of dystrophin protein
Cause of DMD
Caused by a genetic mutation
Symptoms of DMD
Muscle weakness, frequent falls, delayed speech development, motor skills problems and enlarged calf muscles.
Treatment and maintaince of DMD
No cure but can be managed by: Glucocorticoid therapy, respiratory support, and physical therapy
Diagnosis of DMD
Taking a medical history, performing physical exam, blood tests (Checking for elevated levels of creatine kinase (CK)) and a muscle biopsy.
Biological explanation of osteoarthiritis
Osteoarthritis is a disease that occurs when the cartilage and other tissues in a joint break down, causing pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the joint.
Cause of osteoarthiritis
when the cartilage and other tissues in a joint break down or change structure.
Symptoms of osteoarthiritis
Pain, stiffness, swelling and limited range of movement.
Treatment and maintenance for osteoarthritis
Lifestyle changes (exercise), pain relief: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and surgery (joint replacement)
Diagnosis of osteroarthiritis
Medical history, physical exam and imaging such as an xray
Biological explanation of COPD
destruction of alveoli reducing SA on alveoli and bronchial tubes become inflammed. leads to large air pockets in the lung.
Cause of COPD
long-term exposure to irritants that damage the lungs and airways: smoking, second hand smoke, air pollution, etc.
Symptoms of COPD
Shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, chest tightness and fatigure.
Treatment and maintence of COPD
There is no cure but can be managed via, Bronchodilators (inhaled medicine that reduce swelling), oxygen therapy, and antibiotics.
Diagnosis of COPD
Spirometry: A breathing test that measures how much air you can exhale and how quickly you can empty your lungs and a chest xray.
Biological explanation of atopic eczema
Atopic eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a complex condition that occurs when the skin barrier is damaged and the immune system is dysregulated.
Cause of atopic eczema
Unkown but likely to be a combination of genetics and environment (soaps, detergents, etc)
Symptoms of atopic eczema
Itching, dry red skin, rashes, darkening or lightening of the skin
Treatment and maintance of atopic eczema
Moisturises, antihistmaince and topical steroids.
Diagnosis of atopic eczema
By a dermatologist performing a skin exam and assessing symptoms.
Biological explanation of endometriosis
Endometriosis is a chronic condition that occurs when tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus
Cause of endometriosis
Unkown cause, possibly genetics, or surgery (C-section)
Symptoms of endometriosis
Painful menstrual cramps that may worsen over time, pain during or after sex, pain in the lower abdomen or intestine, painful urination or bowel movements, usually during a period
Treatment and maintance of endometriosis
Pain medication (NSAIDS), birth control pills and surgery.
Diagnosis of endometriosis
Endometriosis is diagnosed through a combination of history, physical exam, imaging, and surgery
explanation of ivf
the joining of a womans egg and a mans sperm in a labaratory dish
causes of needing ivf
endometreosis, advanced maternal age, genetic disorder
main stages of IVF
the natural menstrual cycle is surpressed
ovaries are stimulated to produce more egg cells
progress is monitered through ultrasounds to check maturing of follicles
10-30 eggs are collected from the ovaries using a needle
defected sperrm and eggs are discareded and healthy are mixed for a few hours
fertalised eggs are icubated for 2-6 days then embryo transfer takes place (into the uterus
for successfull pregnancy embryos must implant in wall of uterus
hormones used in IVF
ovary stimulation involves injection of FSH for development of follicle
explanation of testicular cancer
germ cells in testicles clump together to form tumor
symptoms of testicular cancer
lump or swelling in testicle
heavy srotum
pain in lower belly or groin
pain or discomfort
monitoring testicular cancer
physical exams, blood tests and imaging
treatment for testicular cancer
usually surgery
chemotherapy
diagnosis of testicular cancer
ultrasound
explanation of non hodgkins lymphoma
a cancer that develops in the lymphatic system.
abnormal multiplication of lymphocytes collect in the lymph nodes, losing their ability to fight infection
causes of non HL
cause that triggers mutation is unknown but risk factars are
weak immune system
autoimmune disease
symptoms of non HL
pain and swelling of belly
chest pain
weight loss
night sweats
treatment of non HL
radiotherapy
chemotherapy
monitoring non HL
appointments and tests
diagnosis of non HL
biopsy
explanation of thyroid tumours
Thyroid tumors form when DNA mutations cause thyroid cells to grow and multiply uncontrollably
cause of thyroid tumours
Direct cause is unkown but can be impacted by age or family history of thryoid cancer
symptoms of thyroid tumours
A lump in the front or side of your neck that may feel hard and grow slowly, Pain in the front of your neck, or a feeling of pressure on your neck, Difficulty swallowing or breathing, A hoarse or other voice change that doesn’t go away
monitoring of thryoid tumours
blood tests
treatment of thyroid tumours
removala through surgery
hormone therapy
iodine treatment
radiotherapy
explanation of leukemia
Leukemia is a cancer that occurs when the bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells, which can’t fight infection. The abnormal white blood cells crowd the bone marrow and enter the bloodstream, affecting the production of normal blood cells.
diagnosis of thyroid tumours
radioiodine scan
cause of leuakemia
Unkown but risk factors can include, genetic mutations, viral infections, and age.
symptoms of leukemia
Weightloss, fatigue, bruising and bleeding, infection and swollen lympth nodes.
monitoring of leukemia
Blood tests, ct and mri scans
diagnosis of leukemia
Blood tests, ct and mri scans
