Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Y1 Cardiovascular > Conditions - Congenital Heart Disease > Flashcards

Conditions - Congenital Heart Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is infective endocarditis

A

Infection in endothelial lining of heart valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Risk factors for IE

A 
Age over 60 
Male
IV drug user
Prosthetic heart valve 
Poor dental hygiene
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does damaged heart valves cause infective endocarditis

A

1) damaged valves causes turbulent flow over the endothelial lining
2) this causes platelet and fibrin deposits
3) Bacteria lodges onto the deposits and colonizes
4) Infected vegetation can dislodge and lodge in capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does IE cause mitral / aortic regurgitation

A

Infective vegetation can grow over the mitral/aortic valve, preventing it from closing properly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pathogens causing IE

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermis
Streptococcus viridans
Streptococcus bovis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which pathogen is the most common cause of IE

A

Staphylococcus aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Types of IE

A

Native valve
Prosthetic valve
IV drug abuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which pathogen is the most common pathogen for IE due to IV drug abuse

A

Staphylococcus aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Co morbid conditions that increase risk of IE

A

Valvular disease
Congenital heart disease
History of IE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which valve does IE due to drug abuse usually affect

A

tricuspid valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which pathogen is the most common cause of IE in patients with prosthetic valves

A

Staphylococcus epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which pathogen is the most common cause of IE in patients with prosthetic valves after 2 months

A

Staphylococcus aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which IE pathogen is common in patients with IBD / colorectal cancer

A

Streptococus bovis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which IE pathogen is coagulase negative

A

Staphylococcus epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Symptoms of IE

A 
New murmur 
Fever 
Malaise
Dyspnea
Chest pain

Suspect IE if new murmur + fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Clinical signs of IE

A

Roth spots = exudative haemorrhagic lesions of retina with pale center
Janeway lesions = macules on sole and palm
Osler nodes = subcutaneous nodules on finger pads and toes
Splinter haemorrhages
Splenic / renal / pulmonary abscesses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a sign of aortic root abscess due to IE

A

Prolonged PR interval or complete AV block

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Complications of IE

A

Acute valvular insufficiency -> heart failure
Abscesses
Infarction of kidneys / spleen / lung due to embolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Diagnosis of IE

A

3 sets of blood cultures
ECG
FBC / CRP levels
Echocardiogram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What would echocardiogram for IE show

A

Presence of vegetation / abscess / valvular perforation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Types of echocardiogram

A

Transoesophageal and transthoracic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which type of echocardiogram is non invasive and used first before the other in IE

A

Transoesophageal echocardiogram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Treatment of IE (prior to results)

A

Long term IV antibiotics
for native valve: amoxicillin + gentamicin
for prosthetic valve: vancomycin + gentamicin + rifampicin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Antibiotics against staphylococcus aureus

A

Flucloxacillin

+ gentamicin and vancomycin if MRSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Antibiotic against staphylococcus epidermis
Vancomycin + gentamicin + rifampicin
26
Antibiotics against strepococcus viridans
Benzylpenicillin + gentamicin | Vancomycin if penicillin allergic
27
Symptoms of pericarditis
Chest pain - worse when lying down, relieved when leaning forward Dyspnea Non-productive cough
28
Causes of pericarditis
``` TB Viral infections Post MI Trauma Hypothyroidism ```
29
What is pericarditis post MI called
Dressler's syndrome
30
What antibiotics are given to patients with native valve IE prior to their blood culture results
Amoxicillin + gentamicin | Vancomycin if penicillin allergic
31
What antibiotics are given to patients with prosthetic valve prior to their blood culture result
Vancomycin + gentamicin + rifampicin
32
Example of enterococcus that causes IE
Enterococcus faecalis
33
Antibiotics against enterococcus
Amoxicillin + gentamicin | Vancomycin if penicillin allergic
34
What are the cyanotic congenital heart diseases
Transposition of the great arteries Tetralogy of Fallot Tricuspid atresia
35
What are the non-cyanotic congenital heart diseases
Coarctation of the aorta Atrial septal defect Ventricular septal defect patent ductus arteriosus
36
What are the 4 features of tetralogy of fallot
Right ventricle hypertrophy pulmonary stenosis ventricular septal defect misplaced aorta
37
When does tetralogy of fallot usually occur
1-2 months after birth but may not be picked up till 6 months old
38
Signs of ToF
Cyanosis Ejection systolic murmur boot shaped heart on CXR Right ventricular hypertrophy on ECG
39
What causes ejection systolic murmur in ToF
pulmonary stenosis
40
What is the most common congenital heart disease at birth
Transposition of the great arteries
41
What is transposition of great arterise
Aorta and pulmonary artery switched around
42
What increases the risk of the child having transposition of great arteries
Diabetic mother
43
Signs of transposition of great arteries
Cyanosis Egg on side on CXR loud S2
44
What is pulmonary atresia
The pulmonary valve does not form properly so blood cannot be pumped into the lungs
45
When does pulmonary atresia occur
First 8 weeks during foetal development
46
What are the changes that occur after birth
``` Ductus arteriosus closes Foramen ovale closes Umbilical vessels closes First few breaths forces fluid out of lungs Haemoglobin F changed to haemoglobin A ```
47
What may occur as a result of change in haemoglobin and why
Physiological jaundice may occur due to F having lower oxygen affinity
48
What is the foramen ovale and what is its function
A small opening between the left and right atrium allows blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the nonfunctional fetal lungs while the fetus obtains its oxygen from the placenta
49
What is the ductus arteriosus
Blood vessel that connects between the aorta and pulmonary artery
50
What is ductus venosus
The blood vessel that allows oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to bypass the liver during foetal development
51
Describe the flow of blood during foetal development
1) oxygenated blood from the placenta travels through the umbilical vein to the liver 2) most blood bypasses the liver by ductus venosus and enters the IVC 3) blood goes to the right atrium. Most blood enters the left atrium through foramen ovale 4) Blood is pumped into the ascending aorta, supplying the coronary arteries and upper body 5) Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via SVC and mixes with the oxygenated blood from placenta 6) the mixed blood is pumped out of the right ventricle to pulmonary artery 7) most goes through the ductus arteriosus to the aorta and travels down the descending aorta to supply the lower body and umbilical arteries
52
Why does foramen ovale close after birthD
Due to increase in pressure in left atrium, forcing the flaps closed
53
What causes ductus arteriosus to close
O2 , O2 is a vasoconstrictor for ductus arteriosus
54
What is needed to keep the ductus arteriosus open
Prostalglandin E2 | During foetal development, placenta produces PGE2
55
What is atrial septal defect
There is a hole in atrial septum, causing blood from left atrium to flow into right atrium, causing a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
56
What can occur as a result of atrial septal defect
Increase in blood flow to lungs increases pressure in lungs, can cause pulmonary oedema and congestion Right ventricular hypertrophy
57
What is hypoplastic heart
When the left side of the heart, including aorta and mitral valves are underdeveloped
58
Treatment of hypoplastic heart
Keep foramen ovale open by using PGE2
59
Inheritance pattern of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Autosomal dominant
60
What causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Abnormal gene coding for beta myosin or myosin binding protein C which are needed for muscle contraction
61
What is the most common cause of sudden death in young people
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
62
Complications of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmias (esp. AF and VT) Diastolic HF Mitral regurgitation Left ventricular outflow obstruction
63
Symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
``` Often asymptomatic Exertional dyspnea Exertional syncope Sudden death Signs of HF ```
64
What causes exertional syncope in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Due to subaortic interventricular septum hypertrophy leading to functional aortic stenosis
65
Which chambers are dilated in dilated cardiomyopathy
All 4 but mainly left ventricle (dilated more than the right)
66
Signs of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
``` ECG showing AF / VT / VT Echo showing diastolic HF Ejection systolic murmur Mitral regurgitation Double apex beat Systolic anterior motion of mitral valve ```
67
What is considered as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cardiac MRI
Increase in thickness >15mm
68
What is a common cause of systolic HF
Dilated cardiomyopathy
69
Inheritance pattern of dilated cardiomyopathy
mostly autosomal dominant
70
What are the causes of dilated cardiomyopathy
``` Idiopathic Inherited Infections Drug therapy Alcohol / cocaine ```
71
What infections may lead to dilated cardiomyopathy
Coxsackie B, HIV
72
Signs of dilated cardiomyopathy
``` S3 Systolic murmur Signs of HF arrhythmias Balloon shaped heart ```

Y1 Cardiovascular (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions