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PTRS 746 > Conditions and Treatment > Flashcards

Conditions and Treatment Flashcards

1
Q

Error rate in interpretation

A

As high as 20-40%

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2
Q

Errors of Observation

A

Doesn’t look like it’s there

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3
Q

Errors of Interpretation

A

Missed something

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4
Q

True Positive

A

Test detects something that is really there

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5
Q

False Positive

A

Test detects something that is not really there

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6
Q

True Negative

A

Test detects nothing, and nothing is there

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7
Q

False Negative

A

Test detects nothing, but there is something there

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8
Q

Sensitivity

A

Refers to test’s ability to identify a true positive
“SPOUT”
HIV blood test - very sensitive

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9
Q

Specificity

A

Refers to test’s ability to identify a true negative
“SPIN”
Home pregnancy tests - very specific

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10
Q

Radiograph

A

First-order diagnostic modality

Named for the beam direction relative to patient and patient’s position

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11
Q

Radiograph Advantages

A

Time/cost efficient

Low risk

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12
Q

Radiograph Disadvantages

A

May be normal although pathology exists

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13
Q

Attenuation

A

Reduced strength or density of the x-ray beam as it passes through a medium

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14
Q

Permeability

A

Ability of the x-ray beam to pass through substance to reach the film plate

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15
Q

Radiodensity

A

X-ray absorption capacity, based on substance’s composition, density, and thickness

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16
Q

Radiograph Image Quality

A

At least two views, ideally at 90 degree angle to each other, are necessary to visualize an object in three dimensions

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17
Q

Density

A

Amount of blackening on the radiograph dependent on distance, time, and current

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18
Q

Contrast

A

Differences between adjacent tissue densities

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19
Q

Detail

A

“Sharpness/Resolution”

Maximized by positioning patient so structure of interest is closest to film plate

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20
Q

Distortion

A

Occurs due to distance between beam source, patient, and image receptor, and from alignment and positioning issues

21
Q

Foreshortening

A

Image appears shorter and wider than the actual object or structure

22
Q

Magnification

A

Objects or structures further from the film appear larger than closer points

23
Q

ABCs of Radiology

A

Alignment
Bone Density
Cartilage
Soft Tissue

24
Q

Alignment

A

Gross bone size
Shape and contour of cortical outline
Joint position/alignment

25
Q

Bone Density

A

Cortical - dense
Cancellous - lower density
Low contrast - “washed out” (osteoporosis)
White showing up - sclerosis

26
Q

Contrast Enhancement

A

Injection

Ingestion of radio-contrast medium

27
Q

CT

A

X-ray and film move about a fulcrum

Detailed imaging of bone

28
Q

CT Advantages

A

Sensitive/Specific for fracture

Useful for brain/neurologic injury

29
Q

CT Disadvantages

A

Radiation

Limited in precise histologic differences

30
Q

MRI

A

Uses pulses of radio frequency and a strong external magnet to generate an electromagnetic field

31
Q

Resonance

A

Water molecules align in body
Atomic nuclei align to electromagnetic field
Field is removed, image is formed

32
Q

MRI Advantages

A

Good sensitivity
Images soft tissue well
No radiation

33
Q

MRI Disadvantages

A

Relatively low specificity
Expensive
Contraindicated with metal implant

34
Q

T1 Image

A

“Longitudinal”
How long it takes protons to “relax”
Reveal details of anatomy in high resolution

35
Q

T1 High Signal (Bright)

A

Bone
Fat
Hemorrhage

36
Q

T1 Low Signal (Dark)

A

Fluid

Soft Tissue

37
Q

T2 Image

A

“Transverse”
How long resonating protons remain “in phase”
Show soft tissue pathology and ideal for acute trauma

38
Q

T2 High Signal (Bright)

A

Fluid

Fluid-filled structures

39
Q

T2 Low Signal (Dark)

A

Bone

Fat

40
Q

Contrast MRI

A

IV or intra-joint injection

Increased signal to T1 weighted images

41
Q

Functional MRI

A

Based on increased blood flow accompanying neural activity (Oxygen/glucose uptake) (BOLD)
Uses deoxyhemoglobin as contrast agent

42
Q

BOLD

A

Blood Oxygen Level Dependent

43
Q

DEXA

A

“Dual Energy X-ray Absortiometry”
Gold measure for body composition
Measuring bone mineral density
Difference in absorption between beams determine density

44
Q

Nuclear Medicine

A

Use radioactive tracers absorbed according to metabolic properties of tissue

45
Q

Nuclear modalities

A

SPECT
PET
Radionuclide scintigraphy

46
Q

Radionuclide scintigraphy

A

Methylene injected, scan every 2-3 hours

Best choice for detection of stress fracture or metastatic bone disease

47
Q

RS Advantages

A

Highly sensitive for early bone/joint disease
Fast
Reasonable cost

48
Q

RS Disadvantages

A

Poor specificity

Influenced by osteoblastic activity or blood flow

49
Q

Ultrasound

A

Images through sound waves

Useful with musculoskeletal tissue

PTRS 746 (1 decks)

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