Conditions Flashcards
What are the regions of the foetal skull?
- Vault
- Face
- Base
What are the bones of the foetal skull
- Frontal bone (divided into two halves)
- Parietal bones x2
- Temporal bones x2
- Occiput
What are the sutures of the foetal skull?
- Frontal suture
- Sagittal suture
- Coronal suture
- Lamboidal suture
What are the fontanelles of the foetal skull?
- Anteroir fontanelle or bregma
- Posterior fontanelle of lambda
What are inherent risk factors for SIDS?
- Between 3-6mth
- Male
- Prematurity
- Multiple birth
- LBW
- Cold/infection
What are preventative risk factors for SIDS?
- Tummy/side sleeping
- Head covered
- Over heating
- Smoking
- CO2 re-breathing
- Formula feeding
What is the definition of 1st stage labour?
Beginning of painful contractions resulting in dilation of the cervix to 10cm or fully dilated
What are the different phases of 1st stage labour?
- Latent phase (early)
- Active phase (estblished)
What are the characteristics of the latent phase of 1st stage labour?
- 3-8hr
- Cervix dilates to 3-4cm
- Contractions start irregularly and become more regular
What are the characteristics of the active phase of 1st stage labour?
- More rapid dilation -> fully dilated (10cm)
- Regular painful contractions
- Longer,stronger and closer (usually 3 in 10)
- Pain in abdo, back and legs
What is the definition of 2nd stage of labour?
End of 1st stage labour (full dilation) until birth of the newborn
What are the different phases of 2nd stage labour?
- Passive
- Active
What are the characteristics of the passive phase of 2nd stage labour?
- Contractions become shorter and stronger
- Beginning of involuntary expulsive contractions
- No need or urge to push
What are the characteristics of the active phase of 2nd stage labour?
- Pushing urge varies
- Changes in vocalisation
- Urge to defecate
- Pouting anus
- Perineum bulges
- Visible presenting part
What are the 5 Ps of labour?
Passenger
- Size of baby
- Foetal lie of baby
- Presenting part
Power
- Primary uterine contractions (1st stage)
- Secondary maternal effort (2nd stage)
Position
- Relationship of presenting partto pelvis
- engagement
Passage
- Pelvis
- Soft tissue
Psychological response
- attitude towards labour
- Culture
- Preparation
- Problems encountered
What are the 7 cardinal movements of labour?
- Engagement
- Descent
- Flexion
- Internal Rotation
- Extension
- Restitution and external rotation
- Expulsion
What is the cause of shoulder dystocia?
- failure of shoulders to rotate into anterior-posterior diameter
- anterior shoulder caught under symphysis pubis
What are the risk factors for shoulder dystocia?
- Mother over 35
- Maternal weight >95kg
- Macrosomia
- High maternal birth weight
- Previous shoulder dystocia
- Platypelloid pelvis
What are the complications of shoulder dystocia?
- Increased perineal trauma
- PPH
- Psychological trauma
- Trauma/injury to foetus (fractured clavicle or humerus, hypoxic brain injury)
What signs indicate shoulder dystocia?
- Failure of head to advance
- Prolonged labour
- Difficulty delivering face and chin
- Head retracts (turtle sign)
What are causes and risk factors for breech birth?
- Uterine malformations
- prematurity
- Multiple pregnancies
- Low lying placenta
- Oligohydramnios
- Foetal abnormalities
- Decreased foetal activity
- Short umbilical cord
What are some complications of breech birth?
- Cord prolapse
- Higher incidence of poor perinatal outcomes
- Foetal hypoxia
- Head and neck trauma
What signs indicate breech?
- Ultrasound
- Presenting part
- swollen/bruised genitalia
What are the categories of the APGAR?
- Appearance
- Pulse
- Grimace
- Activity
- Respiratory effort
