Conditions

Question 1

Man presents with a drooping eye lid, difference of pupil size, weight loss, and persistent cough. What is the likely diagnosis?

Answer 1

Horner’s syndrome due to lung cancer

Question 2

Bells palsy is due to an issue of what nerve? What can this cause?

Answer 2

Facial nerve

Unable to close eye dye to orbicularis oculi innervated by this

Question 3

What is bellforitis?

Answer 3

Where the palpebral conjunctiva doesnt work so you get dry eyes from evaporation

Question 4

You shine a light in to a person’s right eye and both eyes equally constrict, you then quickly move it to the left eye and the pupils dilate. What is the likely phenomenon and explain why this happens

Answer 4

RAPD (relative afferent pupil defect) where the optic nerve will usually still be functional just not optimally if its got an issue. Test using the swinging flashlight test. As the faulty eye (Left) cannot maintain constiction due to an issue with the optic nerve not getting enough light in so causing dilation.

Question 5

What is hydrocephalus

Answer 5

Increase in CSF inthe ventricle system from either obstruction, lack of reabsorption or excess production. Causes increaed pressure on the brain

Question 6

Type 1 diabetic presents with blurry vision. He is still able to read close up but upon examination his right eye doesnt constrict with light. What is the likley pathology?

Answer 6

Hyperglycaemia changing osmotic pressure in the anterior chamber of the eye causing blurriness

Question 7

What is hypernetropia?

Answer 7

When someone can see far things but not close up due to lens not being able to get fat enough

Question 8

What is myopia

Answer 8

Someone who is short sighted due to lens not being able to get thin enough

Question 9

What is astigmatism?

Answer 9

Where the eye has different strengths in one plane than another

Question 10

What is presbyopia

Answer 10

Gradual age related response where the lens gradually stiffens so cant read upclose as unable to get fatter

Question 11

What is the pathology behind glaucoma?

Answer 11

Increase in aqueous humour causing increased pressure on the optic nerve and eye as not drained properly through trabecular meshwork and schlemm canal

Question 12

What are the two types of glaucoma?

Answer 12

Primary open angled glaucoma (poor drainage through trabecular meshwork)

Angle closure glaucoma (fluid cant pass lens as the iris is closely stuck to it)

Question 13

Diabetic presents with his peripheral vision blurry, but central vision okay, but seems to miss when people walk past him. On opthlamoscopy there is ‘cupping’ present. What is the likely diagnosis?

Answer 13

Glaucoma

Question 14

What is wet macular degeneration due to ?

Answer 14

Leaky blood vessels due to proliferation

Question 15

Man of 70 years presents with pain from the glare of headlights. He says his sight has become generally blurred and is getting worse. He also smokes. What is the likely diagnosis?

Answer 15

Cataracts

Question 16

What type of hypersensitivity is occular cicatricial pemphigoid

Answer 16

Type II direct killing where cells killed from macrophages or complement, antibody mediated

Question 17

What type of hypersensitivity is autoimmune corneal melting

Answer 17

Type III immune complex mediated

Question 18

What is hyphaema

Answer 18

Blood in the anterior chamber

Question 19

What is fluorescein sodium 1% used for?

Answer 19

To pick up epithelial damage on the surface of eyes using a blue slit lamp. If defective then goes bright green

Question 20

What is sedels test

Answer 20

Where fluorescence dye becomes diluted around the point of a laceration- in full thickness laceration

Question 21

Man post surgery both eyes become hazy, he has photophobia, and general pain. on investigatoins it shows some retinal detachment, disc swelling and dalen fusch’s nodules. What is the diagnosis?

Answer 21

Sympathetic opthalmia

Question 22

Man presents with sudden visual loss. On fundoscopy there is a pale retina with a red spot. He has not associated pain or headaches. What is the likely diagnosis

Answer 22

Central retina artery occlusion

Question 23

What condition causes a unilateral decresae in visual acuity over hours or days and a poor discrimination of colour and eye pain on movement?

Answer 23

Optic neuritis

Question 24

75yrs old women presents with blurry vision in her right eye, she notes that door frames appear wavy. No issue with L eye, on examination central scotoma is noted. Likely diagnosis

Answer 24

Age related macular degeneration