Conditions Flashcards
what are the two types of tumours?
Malignant : Dangerous
Benign : Not dangerous
What is a tumour?
uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells
mestasis?
when malignant cells spread and invade nearby tissue, it can infect the lymphatic system
7 warning signs of cancer
1) unusual bleeding or discharge in urine, from nipples or penis
2) wound that won’t heal, no matter if there is tx
3) changes in bladder and bowel movement
4) lump in breast or other part of the body
5) nagging cough with blood or sputum, this comes from the nasal cavity or lungs
6) obvious changes in moles (ABCD) rule
7) difficulty swallowing
what is the ABCD rule for?
cancerous moles
A: asymmetry, does it look the same in all parts
B: border, is the edges sharp and ragged
C: colour, there more then one colour in the mole
D: diameter, is the middle more the size of a pencil eraser or bigger
what are tumor treatments?
Sx -removing the tumour, near tissue, sometimes the lymph nodes
Radiation -high doses of radiation to destroy the cancers over and over. The cancer cells don’t have time to repair themselves in b/w daily tx. healthy cells are damaged/ destroyed too.
Chemotherapy - uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. Usually combination of drugs for better effects
Biological Tx - bone marrow transplants stem cell infusion
What are side effects of Cancer?
Hair loss, Depression, Secondary infection, NVD, Fatigue, Dry mouth
Discoloured skin, Bowel changes, Mouth sores, Wt loss, Head aches, Anemia, Loss of appetite, Change in sleeping patterns
What is arthritis?
a musculoskeletal disorder, inflamming one or more joints
what are 2 types of arthritis?
Only condition happens with aging
osteoarthritis: most common, wear and tear .
rhematoid arthritis: chronic pain affecting smaller joints in hands and feet, with inflammation
S+S of arthritis?
swelling, pain to move joints, loss of flexibility, chronic pain
treatment for arthritis?
tylenol for mild and moderate pain aspirin for mild and moderate pain aswell as swelling narcotics for severe pain Occupational therapy Physical therapy stretching chronic pain classes realigning bones good shoes
joint replacement?
for people with really severe rheumatoid arthritis
Osteoporosis?
a disease characterized by low bone mass, and deterioration of bone tissue, leads to increased bone fragility
Fracture?
a closed fracture means the bone is broken but the skin is still intact
an open fracture means the bone is broke and has broken through the skin
S+S of a fracture?
swelling pain bruising deformity loss of function
treatment for fracture?
reduction: bones brought back to normal position
closed reduction: bones brought back to normal position with opening the skin
open reduction: bones brought back to normal position with surgery, using pins, screws, and plates and is often covered with a cast
types of casts?
plaster
fibre glass
air cast
cast care?
make sure that the cast never gets too wet.
make sure there is no irritation around the cast.
don’t let anything get under the cast
don’t let the client use any scratching devices because it could result in a skin tear and an infection
Hip#
common in older adults
u will see the hip lower and outward looking
bed positioning depends on #
usually laying on side that hasn’t been operated on
keep the leg that is operated on abducted from the median
keep the leg from rotating out with sand bags, pillows, or splints, trochanter rolls
do ROM
support and elevate affected leg
traction?
use weights and pulleys to put pressure on your body, should never be on floor
what is purpose of traction?
normal length and alignment
lessen or eliminated spasm
relieve pressure on nerves
prevent or reduce skeletal deformities or contractors
amputation
removal of all or part of an extremity
may be necessary to treat or prevent a disease
Gangrene?
tissue death occurs due to interference and blood flow depriving tissue of O2 and nutrients if untreated can cause death
how does amputation affect the client?
appearance abilities to do ADL self esteem mobility independence
COPD
Chronic Obstructive pulmonary Disease
Long term lung disease often caused by smoking (includes bronchitis and emphysema)
The airways and air sacs lose their elastic quality
The walls b/w the airs sacs are destroyed
The walls of the airway become thick and inflamed
They make more mucus than usual
The alveoli become damaged and air has more difficulty moving in and out COPD is progressive - gets worse over time there is no cure, but it can be controlled. (Medication, inhaler, O2)
S+S of COPD
Coughing that usually produces lg amounts of mucus Wheezing SOB Chest tightness Chronic chest infections
treatment for COPD
Inhalers Quit smoking Deep breathing/coughing exercises O2 therapy Increase fluid intake (thins secretions)
what is pneumonia?
an infection in one or both lungs.
what causes pneumonia?
bacteria, virus, and aspiration
S+S of pneumonia?
chest pain shaking chills fever dry cough muscle aches nausea/vomiting rapid breathing rapid heart rate difficulty breathing shortness of breath sputum cough high fever confusion
Pneumonia treatment?
prescribed medications
in many cases it can be treated at home
antibiotics are used for treating bacterial pneumonia
antiviral drugs are used for treating viral pneumonia
cardiovascular disorder
*Age related changes heart loses elasticity reduced cardiac out put Atherosclerosis (build up of plaque) Valves and veins not working effectively
S+S of cardiovascular disorders?
33% of people do not know they have high BP Breathlessness Headache Bleeding from the nose (Epistaxis) Fatigue Confusions Tinnitus (ears ringing) Vomiting Profuse sweating Blurred vision Red face
treatment for cardiovascular disorders?
Medication
Lifestyle change
HTN
Hypertension (High BP)
A condition in which arteries have persistently elevated BP
Coronary Artery Disease?
Heart disease is a result of plaque build up in your coronary arteries (Atherosclerosis)
Arteries start out smooth and elastic they become narrow and rigid, restricting blood flow.
Angina Pectoris and Heart attack
Angina Pectoris ?
chest pain/discomfort that occurs if an area in your heart muscle doesn’t get enough oxygen-rich blood. Can lead to a heart attack
S+S of angina ?
chest pain occurs behind the breast bone or slightly to the left
usually begins slowly and gets worse but goes away quickly
the pain can feel like tightness heavy pressure, squeezing or crushing
it may spread to the arm, back, jaw, neck, shoulder
dizziness
N,V
sweating
palpitations
SOB
treatments for angina?
nitroglycerin spray 1 spray
diet changes
blood thinners
stent
Paraplegic vs quadriplegic vs hemiplegic?
legs are paralized, legs and arms are paralized and two limbs are paralized
when do you apply heat ?
for pain
when do you apply cold?
for swelling
edema?
medical term for swelling
psw role for edema?
elevate swollen part, ice it, medications, reduce salt intake
what is HIV?
virus that makes you big, weakens your immune system,
what is parkinsons?
part of the brain is affected that controls body movements, there is trembling and shaking motions. commonly seen in hands and feet
S+S of parkinsons?
weakness, trembling, stiffness, slowness in movements such as walking and rolling in bed, decreased facial expressions, monotone speech, slow eye blinking, shuffling instead of walking, poor arm swinging and slouching, unsteady balance, “pill rolling”, swallowing problems in later phases, light headedness and fainting
what are risk factors for parkinsons?
age, genetics, exposed to environmental chemicals, like metal toxins, or drug use, head trauma, illness
PSW Role for parkinson’s?
thickner, stress ball, help prove walkers, sit down for light headedness, put a bed rail up, ROM, help them take their medication, accessable
Osteoporosis causes ?
depression, crippledness, pain, decreased bone fragility, most often at the spine, waist or hip
risk factors for osteoporosis?
calcium and/or vitamon D deficiency, little or no exercise, alcohol buse, smoking, women over 65, post menopausel experience any type of fracture, men with testosterone deficiency, genes if one of your parents has a broken hip you may be more at risk
S+S of Osteoporosis?
back pain caused by fractured or collapesed Vertabra, loss of height over time, a stooped posture, typically no early stage symptoms
Treatment of Osteoporosis?
HRT - Hormone replacement therapy (for women, thought to be the most preventative for osteoporosis), calcitonin hormone for bone turn over, hip protectors (cushion impact), light exercise
Preventions for osteoporosis?
diet (consuming adequate number of protein and calories as well as calcium and vitamin D. To help maintain proper bone formation and density, try to avoid alcohol, caffiene, and salt intake, exercise atleast 30min 3x a week, stop smoking
PSW Role of Osteoporosis?
help out with chores, make sure tehre is a clear path, nothing on the floor, no cords, cane walker, assistive device is close by, eat properly, milk, medication is taken appropriately, walk with client, encourage light exercise, signs of depression, conversations with the client, encourage independance
What is multiple sclerosis?
a disease where the bodys immune system eats away at the myelin sheath that covers your nerves. Damage to the myelin can interfere with communication between the brain, spinal cord and other body parts. this eventually can damage the nerves themselves. the nerve damage is irriversable
S+S of multiple sclerosis?
walking, speaking clearly, often symptoms with disapear for months at a time
Risk Factors of MS?
age (any age, common between 20-40), gender (women are twice as likely), family hx, certain infections (epstine bar, herpes), ethnicity, geography regions, other autoimmune disorders (thyroid disease, type 1 diabetes)
S+S of MS?
numbeness/weakness in 1 or more limbs, partial/complete loss of central vision (usually in 1 eye only with pain during eye movement), double/blurred vision, tingling/pain, electric shock sensations during head movement, tremors/lack of coordination/unsteady gait, slurred speech, fatigue, dizziness (all symptoms can affect on which myelin sheaths have been affected in the brain)
complications of MS?
muscle stiffness/spasms, paralysis (typically legs), problems with bowel, bladder or sexual functions, mental changes, forgetfulness concentration, depression, epilepsy
ways to prevent ms attack?
corticosteroids, plasma exchange (plasmapheresis), beta nterferons, mitoxantrone, teriflunomide
strategies to treat MS symptoms?
physio therapy, muscle relaxants, medication to reduce fatigue, other medications
PSW Role for MS?
provide walking aid, stimulate circulation in legs, provide large/bright visual guidelines, meds for pain and symptoms, encourage independance, provide pen and paper when slurred speech, provide place to sit/rest, ROM, offer neck brace for shock sensation due to head movement, allow clear pathways for mobility
what is epilepsy?
central nervous system disorder, causes seizures. seizures may cause problems with muscle control, movement, speech, vision and awareness.
what causes epilepsy?
genetics, head trauma, brain conditions, infectious disease, prenatal injury, developmental disorders
S+Sof Epilepsy?
temporary confusion, staring spell, uncontrolled jerking of the limbs, loss of consciousness, pshycic symptoms like hallucinations or illusions
PSW Role for Epilepsy?
helping with confusion, making sure medications are taken properly, helping with side effects, giving rest when tired (from side effects), lift self esteem when depressed, helping with ADL’s, hlping recover from surgery, changing dressings
What is asthma?
respiratory condition is marked my spasms in the bronchi of the lungs, which causes difficulty breathing.
Where does Asthma typically come from?
hypersensitivity, and allergic reactions
S+S of Asthma?
coughing, wheezing, SOB,
PSW for Asthma?
inhalers, make sure they are full, make sure they keep inhalers with them, provide halls for sore throat
stroke
cerebral vascular accident
this happens when blood flow to part of the brain stops
5 major warning signs
5 major signs of stroke?
numbness/weakness confusion eye sight (trouble seeing) dizziness headache
What is the quick stroke assesment?
smile
raise both arms
speak a sentence
grip your fingers
what are the 2 types of strokes?
Ischemic - occurs when a blood vessel that supplies blood to the brain is blocked by a blood clot
Hemorrhagic stroke - occurs when a blood vessel in the brain becomes weak and bursts open causing blood to leak into the brain can be from a defect like an aneurysm.
signs and symptoms of a stroke?
suddenly without warning headache that wakes you up from sleep change in your alertness change in hearing and taste sudden confusion or memory loss loss of balance or coordination muscle weakness problems with eye sight trouble speaking
Diabetes?
Diabetes is when the body cannot produce insulin or cannot properly use the insulin it produces. This leads to high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Normal sugar levels are 4-7mmol.
sugar?
glucose
made in the pancreas, helps absorb water
insulin
high blood sugar
hyperglecaemia
low blood sugar
hypoglyceamia
below skin, in fatty tissue
subcutaneous
excessive urination?
polyuria
excessive thirst?
poly dypsia, hypergleacemia, trying to dilute urine
excessive hunger?
poly phagia, hypogleceamia, trying to get more sugar
S+S of Hypogleacemia?
feel weak confusion hungry tired may feel shaky nausea blurred vision dizziness sweating trembling
S+S of Hypergleacemia?
increased thirst blurred vision slow healing sores increased urination sweet odour to the breath confusion dry mouth
heart attack?
permanent damage to the heart muscle
- arteries are narrow and blood cant flow the way it should. Heart can’t pump enough blood for the body. Muscle doesn’t get oxygen (cyanosis)
myo=muscle cardinal=heart Infarction=death of tissue due to lack of blood supply
caused by either a buildup seizing blood flow or a muscle spasm
clots and plaque form build up* athersclorosis
leading cause of death in both men and women
S+S of a heart attack?
chest discomfort (mild pain) severe coughing nausea vomiting anxiety confusion crushing chest pain fatigue dizziness lack of appetite dyspnea (difficulty breathing) face has a grey colouring (cyanosis) feeling of terror and end of life is near feeling really awful restlessness weakness in arm cold clammy sweats trouble sleeping pain is typically constant speech difficulty
psw role for a heart attack?
call 911
help prepare heart healthy diets, low inNa and fat, increase in fibre
create a relaxed environment as best as you can, good for sleep, and as little stress as possible
promote and encourage physical activity. Daily is best! Cardio is best! Cognitive activity is really good too.
reassure comfort in times of stress and discomfort, this includes NVD, pain, pain, anxiety, confusion and depression
cold, clammy sweats - provide comfort, wash down, blanket (warmth) and towel.
may need to provide CPR - know your CPR = first aid
pay attention closely to speech and watch for slurred words
pay attention closely and watch for signs or pain or c/o pain/swelling
What is HIV/AIDS?
a virus that weakens the immune system.
how does HIV/AIDS effect the client?
depression, stress, anxiety, coping, councellor, therapist, get connected, find out how u can keep the germs to yourself, and prevent from spreading to others, getting treatment and coming out to get support
what is an opportunistic infections?
when the immune system is weak it will make the immune system vulnerable to other infections
family of client for HIV/AIDS?
encourage a healthy lifestyle,
PSW role for HIV/AIDS?
promote self esteem, help with stress, encourage to breath slowly, encourage to relax, be funny, point good things, help with anxiety, help with depression, encourage safe practices, encourage to get support, use universal precautions, take care around body fluids, take care around laundry, take care around food
