Conditions

Question 1

Renal colic

Answer 1

Colic = sudden pain

Most commonly caused by kidney stones

Question 2

AKI

Answer 2

Previously known as acute renal failure

An acute decline in kidney function leading to a rise in serum creatinine and/or a fall in urine output

Question 3

CKD

Answer 3

Abnormalities of the kidney structure presenting for more than 3 months
GFR is less than 60mL/minute
Or presence of one or more of albuminuria, proteinuria, haematuria and electrolyte abnormalities

Question 4

Prostate cancer

Answer 4

The most common cause of cancer in men

Almost always androgen dependent with the majority being adenocarcinomas

Question 5

Benign prostate hyperplasia

Answer 5

Hyperplasia of the stromal and epithelial cells cells of the prostate usually presenting as lower urinary tract symptoms

Question 6

Urethritis

Answer 6

Inflammation of the urethra
Usually a sexually transmitted diseasr that typically presents with dysuria, urethral discharge and/or pruitus at the end of the urethra.

Question 7

Varicocele

Answer 7

An enlargement of the veins within the pampiniform plexus

Results in blood pooling in the veins rather than circulating efficiently out of the scrotum

Question 8

Testicular Torsion

Answer 8

A urological emergency where the spermatic cord with rotation of the testicle becomes twisted

Question 9

SLE

Answer 9

A chronic multisystem disorder where antibodies are produced against the cell nucleus
Presence of anti-ANA and anti-dsDNA antibodies
Can result in lupus nephritis

Question 10

Minimal change disease

Answer 10

The most common cause of nephrotic syndrome, common between the ages of 2-5
Occurs without any clear underlying pathology

Question 11

Testicular cancer

Answer 11

Most common in young men between 15 and 35

Usually arises from the germ cells

Question 12

Pyelonephritis

Answer 12

Inflammation of the kidneys resulting from bacterial infection affecting the renal pelvis and tissue
Most commonly caused by E.coli or KEEPS

Question 13

Prostatitis

Answer 13

Acute or chronic (more than 3 months) inflammation of the prostate
Usually bacterial in origin

Question 14

Epididymitis

Answer 14

Inflammation of the epididymis

Usually caused by E.coli

Question 15

Hydrocele

Answer 15

Collection of fluid within the tunica vaginalis that surrounds the testes
Usually occurs in neonatal males

Question 16

IgA nephropathy (Berger’s disease)

Answer 16

Inflammation of the kidney caused by IgA deposits

Most common cause of primary glomerulonephritis

Question 17

Post-strep glomerulonephritis

Answer 17

An acute kidney injury which occurs 1-3 weeks after a B-haemolytic streptococcus infection such as tonsillitis

Question 18

Example of a B-haemolytic Strep

Answer 18

Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 19

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Answer 19

A chronic pathological process caused by injury to podocytes in the renal glomeruli
Can be idiopathic or secondary to conditions such as HIV, obesity or opioid abuse

Question 20

Membranous nephropathy

Answer 20

An immunologically mediated disease of the glomerular basement membrane often associated with nephrotic syndrome
Can be idiopathic or secondary

Question 21

Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis

Answer 21

An immunologically mediated disease of the glomerular basement membrane often associated with nephrotic syndrome
Associated with SLE and vasculitis syndromes
Can be idiopathic or secondary

Question 22

Polycystic kidney disease

Genes

Answer 22

Dominant 
PKD-1: chromosome 16 (85% of cases)
PKD-2: chromosome 4 (15% of cases)
Recessive 
Mutation in the polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 (PKHD1) gene on chromosome 6

Question 23

Polycystic kidney disease

Complications - Dominant

Answer 23

Cerebral aneurysms
Hepatic, splenic, pancreatic, ovarian and prostatic cysts
Cardiac valve disease (mitral regurgitation)
Colonic diverticula
Aortic root dilatation

Question 24

Polycystic kidney disease

Complications - Recessive

Answer 24

Oligohydramnios which lead to Potter syndrome and Pulmonary hypoplasia
Most will enter end-stage renal failure before the end of childhood

Question 25

Kidney cancer

Answer 25

90% of cancers are found to be arising from the proximal tubular epithelium and classes as carcinomas

Question 26

Goodpastures’s syndrome

Answer 26

Anti-GBM (glomerular basement membrane Antibodies attack glomerulus and pulmonary basement membranes
Causing glomerulonephritis and pulmonary haemorrhage

Question 27

Chlamydia

Answer 27

Chlamydia trachomatis - Gram negative intracellular bacteria

Question 28

Gonorrhoea

Answer 28

Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae gram negative diplococcus which infects mucous membranes with columnar epithelium

Question 29

Syphilis

Answer 29

Caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum

Question 30

Complicated UTI

Answer 30

Functional or structural abnormalities
Hx of UTI
Systemic diseases such as renal insufficiency, transplantation DM or immunodeficiency

Question 31

Pre-renal causes of AKI

Answer 31

Due to inadequate blood supply

• Dehydration
• Hypotension
• Heart failure

Question 32

Renal Causes

Answer 32

Intrinsic disease in the kidneys
Glomerulonephritis
Interstitial nephritis
Acute tubular necrosis

Question 33

Post-renal causes

Answer 33

Obstruction to urinary flow
 Kidney stones
Masses such as cancer in the abdomen or pelvis
Ureter or uretral strictures
Enlarged prostate or prostate cancer