Conditions Flashcards
Renal colic
Colic = sudden pain
Most commonly caused by kidney stones
AKI
Previously known as acute renal failure
An acute decline in kidney function leading to a rise in serum creatinine and/or a fall in urine output
CKD
Abnormalities of the kidney structure presenting for more than 3 months
GFR is less than 60mL/minute
Or presence of one or more of albuminuria, proteinuria, haematuria and electrolyte abnormalities
Prostate cancer
The most common cause of cancer in men
Almost always androgen dependent with the majority being adenocarcinomas
Benign prostate hyperplasia
Hyperplasia of the stromal and epithelial cells cells of the prostate usually presenting as lower urinary tract symptoms
Urethritis
Inflammation of the urethra
Usually a sexually transmitted diseasr that typically presents with dysuria, urethral discharge and/or pruitus at the end of the urethra.
Varicocele
An enlargement of the veins within the pampiniform plexus
Results in blood pooling in the veins rather than circulating efficiently out of the scrotum
Testicular Torsion
A urological emergency where the spermatic cord with rotation of the testicle becomes twisted
SLE
A chronic multisystem disorder where antibodies are produced against the cell nucleus
Presence of anti-ANA and anti-dsDNA antibodies
Can result in lupus nephritis
Minimal change disease
The most common cause of nephrotic syndrome, common between the ages of 2-5
Occurs without any clear underlying pathology
Testicular cancer
Most common in young men between 15 and 35
Usually arises from the germ cells
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the kidneys resulting from bacterial infection affecting the renal pelvis and tissue
Most commonly caused by E.coli or KEEPS
Prostatitis
Acute or chronic (more than 3 months) inflammation of the prostate
Usually bacterial in origin
Epididymitis
Inflammation of the epididymis
Usually caused by E.coli
Hydrocele
Collection of fluid within the tunica vaginalis that surrounds the testes
Usually occurs in neonatal males
IgA nephropathy (Berger’s disease)
Inflammation of the kidney caused by IgA deposits
Most common cause of primary glomerulonephritis
Post-strep glomerulonephritis
An acute kidney injury which occurs 1-3 weeks after a B-haemolytic streptococcus infection such as tonsillitis
Example of a B-haemolytic Strep
Streptococcus pyogenes
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
A chronic pathological process caused by injury to podocytes in the renal glomeruli
Can be idiopathic or secondary to conditions such as HIV, obesity or opioid abuse
Membranous nephropathy
An immunologically mediated disease of the glomerular basement membrane often associated with nephrotic syndrome
Can be idiopathic or secondary
Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis
An immunologically mediated disease of the glomerular basement membrane often associated with nephrotic syndrome
Associated with SLE and vasculitis syndromes
Can be idiopathic or secondary
Polycystic kidney disease
Genes
Dominant PKD-1: chromosome 16 (85% of cases) PKD-2: chromosome 4 (15% of cases) Recessive Mutation in the polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 (PKHD1) gene on chromosome 6
Polycystic kidney disease
Complications - Dominant
Cerebral aneurysms
Hepatic, splenic, pancreatic, ovarian and prostatic cysts
Cardiac valve disease (mitral regurgitation)
Colonic diverticula
Aortic root dilatation
Polycystic kidney disease
Complications - Recessive
Oligohydramnios which lead to Potter syndrome and Pulmonary hypoplasia
Most will enter end-stage renal failure before the end of childhood
Kidney cancer
90% of cancers are found to be arising from the proximal tubular epithelium and classes as carcinomas
Goodpastures’s syndrome
Anti-GBM (glomerular basement membrane Antibodies attack glomerulus and pulmonary basement membranes
Causing glomerulonephritis and pulmonary haemorrhage
Chlamydia
Chlamydia trachomatis - Gram negative intracellular bacteria
Gonorrhoea
Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae gram negative diplococcus which infects mucous membranes with columnar epithelium
Syphilis
Caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum
Complicated UTI
Functional or structural abnormalities
Hx of UTI
Systemic diseases such as renal insufficiency, transplantation DM or immunodeficiency
Pre-renal causes of AKI
Due to inadequate blood supply
- Dehydration
- Hypotension
- Heart failure
Renal Causes
Intrinsic disease in the kidneys
Glomerulonephritis
Interstitial nephritis
Acute tubular necrosis
Post-renal causes
Obstruction to urinary flow Kidney stones Masses such as cancer in the abdomen or pelvis Ureter or uretral strictures Enlarged prostate or prostate cancer
