Conditioning and Learning: Associative and Cognitive Learning Flashcards
Learning
is a relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience
Associative learning
The formation of simple associations between various stimuli and responses.
cognitive learning
Higher-level learning involving thinking, knowing, understanding, and anticipation.
Antecedents
Events that precede a response.
Consequences
Effects that follow a response.
Reflex
An innate, automatic response to a stimulus; for example, an eyeblink.
Classical conditioning
A form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli
classical conditioning,
a stimulus that does not produce a response is paired with a stimulus that does elicit a response. after many such pairings, the stimulus that previously had no effect begins to produce a response. in the example shown, a horn precedes a puff of air to the eye. eventually, the horn alone will produce an eyeblink. in operant conditioning, a response that is followed by a reinforcing consequence becomes more likely to occur on future occasions. in
the example shown, a dog learns to sit up when it hears a whistle.
For Example, Ashleigh, who is 3, runs to the front door whenever Daddy gets home. She has recently begun running as soon as she hears his truck pull into the driveway. She has associated running to the door with the antecedent sound of the truck.Effects that follow a behaviour are consequences
antecedents.
A cognitive map
is an internal representation of an area, such as a maze, city, or campus
Knowledge of results (KR)
Informational feedback
Feedback
Information returned to a person about the effects a response has had; also known as knowledge of results.
Cognitive map
Internal images or other mental represen- tations of an area (maze, city, campus, and so forth) that underlie an ability to choose alternative paths to the same goal.
Latent learning
Learning that occurs without obvious rein- forcement and that remains unexpressed until reinforcement is provided.
Operant conditioning
Learning based on the consequences of responding.
Programmed instruction
Any learning format that presents information in small amounts, gives immediate practice, and provides continuous feedback to learners.
Rote learning
Learning that takes place mechanically, through repetition and memorization, or by learning rules
Discovery learning
Learning based on insight and understanding
Model (in learning) .
A person who serves as an example in observational learning
Observational learning (modelling)
learning achieved bywatching and imitating the actions of another or noting the consequences of those actions.
psychologists use the term ____________________ to describe observational learning.
modelling
Learning that suddenly appears when a reward or incentive for performance is given is called
a. discovery learning b. latent learning c. rote learning d. reminiscence
d
Knowledge of results also is known as
feedback
the concept of forming an association applies to both a. associative and cognitive learning b. latent and discovery learning c. classical and operant conditioning
d. imitation and modelling
c
if a model is successful, or rewarded, the model’s behaviour is a. less difficult to reproduce b. less likely to be attended to c. more likely to be imitated
d. more subject to positive transfer
c
Children who observed a live adult behave aggressively became more aggressive; those who observed movie and cartoon aggression did not. T or F?
f
classical conditioning
, studied by pavlov, occurs when a neutral stimulus (NS) is associated with an unconditioned stimulus (uS)
Vicarious classical conditioning
Classical conditioning brought about by observing another person react to a par- ticular stimulus
Reducing fear or anxiety by repeatedly exposing a person to emotional stimuli while the person is deeply relaxed.
Vicarious classical conditioning
Systematic desensitization
An emotional response that has been linked to a previously nonemotional stimulus by classical conditioning
Conditioned emotional response (CeR
Informational view
Perspective that explains learning in terms of information imparted by events in the environment
expectancy
An anticipation concerning future events or relationships
extinction
The weakening of a conditioned response through removal of reinforcement.
expectancy
An anticipation concerning future events or relationships.
Spontaneous recovery
The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction.
The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to, but not identical to, a conditioned stimulus
Stimulus generalization
Stimulus discrimination
The learned ability to respond dif- ferently to similar stimuli.
Higher-order conditioning
Classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus is used to reinforce further learning— that is, a CS is used as if it were a US.
acquisition
The period in conditioning during which a response is reinforced.
Conditioned response (CR)
A learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus
A stimulus that evokes a response because it has been repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned response
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Neutral stimulus (NS)
A stimulus that does not evoke a response.
Unconditioned response (UR)
An innate reflex response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
A stimulus innately capable of eliciting a response
A form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli
Classical conditioning
Through stimulus generalization, stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also will produce a response. generalization gives way to stimulus discrimination when an organism learns to respond to one stimulus but not to similar stimuli.
Through stimulus generalization, stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also will produce a response. generalization gives way to stimulus discrimination when an organism learns to respond to one stimulus but not to similar stimuli.
When the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly followed by the unconditioned stimulus, an association between the two is established and strengthened.
When the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly followed by the unconditioned stimulus, an association between the two is established and strengthened.
You smell the odour of cookies being baked and your mouth waters. apparently, the odour of cookies is a __________ and your salivation is a ______________.
cS,cr
