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Psychology (Learning Theories) > Conditioning > Flashcards

Conditioning Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a behaviourist learning theory?

A

Must be measurable ( classical or operant )

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2
Q

What is a social learning theory?

A

Behaviour is learnt from a role model

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3
Q

Outline what happened during Pavlovs dogs experiment

A

Food caused salivation.
The bell rang and salivation didn’t occur.
The bell rang with food and salivation occurred.
Over time the bell was rang without food and the dog salivated

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4
Q

How did Pavlov make his experiment not influenced by extraneous variables?

A

He conducted it in a sound proof chamber around 20 times per dog.

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5
Q

Give the evaluation points for Pavlovs dogs experiment

A

G- can’t extrapolate findings
R+ standardised procedure
A+ found ways to train animals
V+ minimised extraneous variables has internal validity
- artificial environment so lacks ecological validity
E - dogs were harmed

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6
Q

Give the evaluation points for classical conditioning theory

A

F+ Pavlovs dogs
U+ treatments of phobias and how to train animals
D- social learning theory
E- extrapolation

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7
Q

What was the aim of Little Albert study?

A

To investigate if fears can be formed in a baby

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8
Q

Outline the procedure of the Little Albert study

A

Albert was allowed to play with animals such as the white rat which he enjoyed.
A loud noise from a bell was sounded which made him cry. The bell sounded when he went to touch the animals which made him cry and not touch the animals.
Later, when only the animal was presented he no longer wanted to play and was scared of the white rat

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9
Q

Give the evaluation points of the Little Albert study

A

G- one individual
R- no real procedure his behaviour may be unique
A+ shows how a fear response is made through associations and how to break them
V+ minimised extraneous variables as behaviour observed from outside the room so has internal validity
- lacks ecological validity as uts in an artificial environment
E- caused trauma

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10
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Behaviour is learnt as a result of a consequence

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11
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

When you add rewards

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12
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

Giving a consequence

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13
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

When you take something unpleasant away

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14
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

Remove something nice

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15
Q

Outline positive reinforcement with Skinners rats experiment

A

When the rat pressed the lever a treat was given. The time taken to make the association decreased each time

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16
Q

Outline negative reinforcement in Skinners rats experiment

A

When the rat pressed the lever it turned the electric shock grid off. This time taken to make association decreased each time

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17
Q

Outline positive punishment in Skinners rats experiment

A

When the rat pressed the lever it turned the electric shock grid on. Time taken to form association increased each time

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18
Q

What is fixed interval reinforcement?

A

When the reward is given after a fixed amount of time

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19
Q

What is variable interval re inforcement?

A

When the reward is given after random amounts of time

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20
Q

What is fixed ratio re inforcement?

A

Reward is given after a fixed amount of responses

21
Q

What is variable ratio re inforcement?

A

Reward is given after a random amount of responses

22
Q

Give the evaluation points for operant conditioning

A

F+ Skinners rats
U+ educational training
D- classical conditioning
E- can’t extrapolate many of the findings

23
Q

How is classical conditioning used in social control?

A

With marketing, increasing chance of buying products

24
Q

How is operant conditioning used in social control?

A

Points cards and gambling

25
Q

List some of the ethical guidelines for animals

A

Can’t used protected or endangered species
Animals must have food, water , medical care and space to roam free
Must use the smallest amount of animals
After the study animals must either be bred or given as companion animals

26
Q

What 3 reasons are there for why animals are used in scientific studies?

A

Gestation is shorter and provides more offspring
Brain anatomy is similar to humans
Environment

27
Q

What act enforces the animal guidelines?

A

Animal procedure act 1986

28
Q

What is vicarious re inforcement?

A

When you see someone else get rewarded

29
Q

What does social learning theory suggest about behaviour?

A

It’s learnt through observation and imitation

30
Q

What 4 mediational processes does social learning theory suggest encourages imitated behaviour?

A

Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation

31
Q

What was the aim of Banduras 1961 study?

A

To investigate whether children would copy aggressive behaviour they had observed

32
Q

What was the sample of Banduras 1961 study?

A

72 children equal number of males and females aged 3 to 5.

8 groups plus 1 control group

33
Q

Outline the procedure of Banduras 1961 study

A

Child, adult and the toys including a bobo doll were in the room.
The adult was aggressive towards the bobo doll for 10 mins.
After this the child was then also aggressive towards the bobo doll by kicking or hitting it

34
Q

Explain the results of Banduras 1961 study

A

The aggressive role model had more effect on boys than girls
Male role models caused more aggression

35
Q

Give the evaluation points for Banduras 1961 study

A

G- small sample
R+ inter rater reliability
A+ can create ways to reduce learnt aggression
V+ internal validity controlled environment so extraneous variables were limited
- lacks ecological validity as its an artificial environment
E- aggression was encouraged, socially sensitive to parents

36
Q

Outline Banduras 1963 experiment

A

96 children equal number of males and females
Split into 4 groups and a control group
Watched aggressive cartoon cat

Mean aggressive acts were 83,92 and 99 non aggressive mean was 54

37
Q

Outline Banduras 1965 experiment

A

66 children equal number of males and females
Split into 3 groups
Role model was given consequences
Showed vicarious re inforcement
Less aggression was shown when a punishment was given die to lack of motivation

38
Q

Give the evaluation points for social learning theory

A

F+ Banduras studies
U+ prevent exposure to violence with age restrictions
D- classical conditioning
E- may be gender and personality differences

39
Q

How does classical conditioning suggest a phobia is formed?

A

An association with a negative experience

40
Q

How does classical conditioning suggest a phobia is formed?

A

An association with a negative experience

41
Q

How does operant conditioning suggest a phobia is formed?

A

Through negative reinforcement and avoidance

42
Q

Outline what systematic desensitisation is and how it’s used

A

32 people aged between 18 and 22 using interviews and self reporting data over 3 months to face fears or phobias they had

43
Q

Outline Willis and Edwards experiment on systematic desensitisation

A

50 females who had a fear of mice showed systematic desensitisation was successful as they still used it 7 weeks after experiment

44
Q

What is flooding and how is it used?

A

20 USA army veterans all shared traumatic experiences they had had and the constant exposure to similar traumas helped reduce their phobias as it had a normalusing effect

45
Q

What was the aim of Beckers contemporary study?

A

To investigate how TV exposure effected eating disorders

46
Q

What was the sample of Beckers contemporary study?

A

Group 1, 1995, 63 teenage girls
Group 2, 1998, 65 teenage girls

47
Q

Outline the procedure of Beckers contemporary study

A

Each participant had to complete an eat 26 questionnaire and each had semi structured interviews

48
Q

Explain the results of Beckers contemporary study

A

Girls BMI was was simular 1995 was 24.5 and 1998 was 24.9.

11.3% increase in eating disorders from 1995 to 1998 and an increased rate in purging

49
Q

Give the evaluation points for Beckers contemporary study

A

G- small sample and ethnocentric
R+ test re test and standardised procedure
A+ helps change media beauty standards
V- lacks intrrnal validity as questionnaire may have leading wiestions leading to social norms
E- socially sensitive to teenage girls

Psychology (Learning Theories) (4 decks)

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