Condition questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cor Pulmonale

A

Right sided heart failure caused by respiratory distress

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2
Q

Causes of Cor Pulmonale

A
main one is COPD
PE
Interstital lung disease
cystic fibrosis
primary pulmonary hypertension
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3
Q

presentation of someone with Cor Pulmonale

A
hypoxia
cyanosis
raised JVP 
peripheral oedema
3rd heart sounds
murmur
hepatomegaly
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4
Q

Management of Cor Pulmonale

A

treat symptoms
treat underlying cause
long term O2 therapy

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5
Q

Management of antiphospholipid syndrome

A

long term warfarin with INR range 2-3

LMWH for pregnant women

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6
Q

what is antiphospholipid syndrome

A

where the patient is in a hypercoagulable state

can occur secondary to SLE

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7
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

prolonged elevation of cortisol

Pituitary adenoma secretes elevated levels of ACTH

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8
Q

signs of Cushing syndrome

A
moon face
central obesity
abdominal striae
fat pad on upper back
proximal limb wastage
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9
Q

Causes of Cushing syndrome

A

Cushing disease
exogenous steroids
adrenal adenoma
paraneoplastic cushings

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10
Q

Polymyalgia rhuematica

A

inflammatory condition that causes pain and stiffness in shoulders, pelvic girdle and neck

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11
Q

polymyalgia reumatica is associated with what condition

A

giant cell arteritis

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12
Q

Core features of polymalgia rheumatica

A
bilateral shoulder pain
bilateral pelvic girdle pain
worse with movement
interferes with sleep
stiffness > 45 mins in morning
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13
Q

what does anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) test for

A

SLE

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14
Q

what does anti-CCP (anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide) test for

A

rheumatoid arthritis

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15
Q

calcium levels in hyperparathyroidism

A

increased

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16
Q

calcium levels in osteomalacia

A

decreased

17
Q

main complications of hyperkalaemia

A

cardiac arrhythmia = ventricular fibrillation

18
Q

conditions that cause hyperkalaemia

A
AKI
CKD
rhabdomyolisis
adrenal insufficiency 
tumour lysis syndrome
19
Q

medications that cause hyperkalaemia

A
aldosterone antagonists 
ACE inhibitors
Arbs 
NSAIDs
K+ supplements
20
Q

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and water deprivation test results

A

problem with the kidneys themselves
low urine osmolality before
low urine osmolality after synthetic ADH
because kidney cannot respond to it

21
Q

Causes of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

Drugs: lithium in BPD
intrinsic kidney disease
Electrolyte disturbances

22
Q

Cranial diabetes insipidus and water deprivation test results

A

hypothalamus does not produce ADH
low urine osmolality before
high urine osmolality after synthetic ADH

23
Q

inherited causes of haemolytic anaemia

A

hereditary spherocytosis
thalassaemia
sickle cell anaemia

24
Q

acquired causes of haemolytic anaemia

A

autoimmune
alloimmune
MAHA
prosthetic valve related

25
Q

Features of haemolytic anaemia

A

anaemia
splenomegaly (full of destroyed RBCs)
Jaundice - raised bilirubin from destruction of RBCs

26
Q

investigations and findings in haemolytic anaemia

A

FBC - normocytic anaemia
Blood film - schistocytes (broken RBCs)
Coombs test - if positive means it is autoimmune caused

27
Q

what is MAHA

A

microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia

small blood vessels have structural abnormalities that cause haemolysis of RBC’s that travel through them

28
Q

causes of MAHA

A
haemolytic uraemia syndrome (HUS)
DIC
TTP
SLE
cancer
29
Q

what is TTP

A

thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

tiny blood clots develop throughout small vessels of the body which uses up platelets and so causes thrombocytopenia

30
Q

What happens in TTP

A

problem with protein ADAMTS13

shortage of it causes increase in vWF and formation of clots

31
Q

what does ADAMTS13 typically do

A

normally inactivates vWF and decreases platelet adhesion to vessel walls

32
Q

what is nephrotic syndrome

A

occurs when basement membrane in the glomerulus becomes highly permeable to proteins, allowing them to leak from blood to urine

33
Q

classic triad of nephrotic syndrome

A

low serum albumin
oedema
high urine protein content

34
Q

features of nephrotic syndrome

A
pallor
frothy urine
generalised oedema
deranged lipid profile (increase cholesterol and TAG decreased LDL)
hypertension
hyper-coagulability
35
Q

causes of nephrotic syndrome

A

secondary to intrinsic kidney disease

secondary to underlying systemic illness: diabetes, HIV, Hepatitis, Malaria

36
Q

what is haemochromatosis

A

iron storage disorder that results in excessive loss of iron and deposition in tissues
(most cases problem with gene on chromosome 6)

37
Q

symptoms of haemachromatosis

A
chronic fatigue
joint pain
bronze discoloration
hair loss
erectile dysfunction
amenorrhoea
cognitive symptoms
most present after age of 40
38
Q

diagnosis of haemachromatosis

A

serum ferritin and transferrin because ferritin alone is an acute phase reactant (up in inflammation and alcoholic fatty liver disease)

if both high then diagnosis of haemochromatosis

39
Q

describe renin-angiotensin system

A

renin secreted by juxtaglomerular cells in afferent arterioles of kidneys
renin converts angiotensin(released by liver) to angiotensin I
angiotensin I converts to angiotensin II in the lungs with help of ACE
angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and stimulates release of aldosterone from adrenal glands
aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid and acts on nephrons in kidneys to:
-increase sodium reabsorption
-increase potassium secretion
-increase hydrogen ion secretion
to increase BP