Condition Of China 1936

Question 1

What was published in 1931 ?

Answer 1

provisional constitution
The Provisional Constitution included Sun Yatsen’s principle of “political tutelage”-gave the GMD dictatorial powers until 1936

Question 2

what reforms were taking place ?

Answer 2

1936- elections for a national assembly which would approve a new constitution
-elections in village and town introduced in order to elect a headmen (which would run local administrations)

Question 3

were these reforms efficient ?

Answer 3

-GMD was a corrupt and authoritarian government—> therefore these reforms could easily be overlooked
-There were many warlords in China–who had made a deal with the GMD( they kept their private armies in order to recognise the GMD as a legitimate government)
-

Question 4

How big was the rural-urban gap in the 1930s ?

Answer 4

URBAN AREAS
-inflow of foreign capital lead to a growing manufacturing sector
-electrical power became available
-development of transport EG-1929 establishment of the first
passenger carrying airline service.
-schools/hospitals/medecine provided by Western missionary
societies
-shanghai became leading centres in the world for film production
RURAL AREAS
-education out of reach for peasants
-healthcare relied on traditional chinese medecine
-LE low/ infant mortality rates high
-foot binding still very common
-concubines/arranged marriages still common
-worldwide depression of 31-35 meant that farmers (majority of
people) lost a lot of money
-bumper harvest 1936

Question 5

how did the Japanese gain control of Manchuria ?

Answer 5

September 1931- junior officers in Kwantung army provoked a clash with Chinese forces. This lead to a full scale military assault on southern manchuria.

Question 6

What happened after the Japanese created their new puppet state Manchukuo

Answer 6

Japanese goods were boycotted in China
As a result Japanese forces attacked the city of Shanghai in jan 1932

Question 7

What were the international reactions

Answer 7

Critics from Japan’s aggression yet no intervention occurred

Question 8

Basics of Jiang Jieshi leadership:

Answer 8

• leader of GMD since 1925
• 1925-36 Jiang used military power, police/army to remove opposition

Question 9

What was Jiang’s background

Answer 9

• came from a middle class family
• rose to power in 1920s as military leader in the GMD
• sent to Moscow in1923 and came back to China and was in charge of soviet funded military academy where NRA officers were trained.

Question 10

what was the importance of Jiang’s second wife

Answer 10

• daughter of a rich shanghi business
• brother in law was Sun Yat-sen
• jiang managed to gai importance connection
• other brother in law was TV Soong (rich financer) who ended up being the fiancer minister in 1928

Question 11

what was Jiang’s position in the power stucture

Answer 11

• Commander-in-cheif and chair man of the NRA
• leader of GMD political party
• chairman of the state council
• created GMD’s central politcal institute - trained furture leaders of china
  -created Military bureau of statistics - secret police organisation that had a network of spies to infiltrate
  -established bandite suppression headquarters whose role was to coordinate anti communist activities.
  -1927 established an opium suppression bureau to crack down the drug’s trade.

Question 12

how did the GMD remove his opposition ?

Answer 12

-strict censorhip imposed in the media
-control over education system
-hundreds of radical students arrested 1934/35
-jiang did not control what happened at a prevential and local level

Question 13

what was the first prinicple of the people

Answer 13

Nationaliasm, the most important one . Aim for a united economically and militarily strong china which was free from foreign influence.

Question 14

what was the second principle of the people?

Answer 14

democracy, ‘there is a difference between the european and chinese concept of freedom, the european struggle for personal freedom, we struggle for national struggle.’
-democracy must not weaken the country by allowing too many personal liberites.
-believed in democracy through political tutelage.

Question 15

what was the third principle of the poeple ?

Answer 15

people’s livelihoods.
problem in china was ‘grinding poverty of the poeple’– offered vague ideas on how to tackle this (eg land reforms, equalisation of the tax burden)-no land reforms made due to resistance from landlords

Question 16

what was contained in Jiang’s program for national regeneration ?

Answer 16

confucianism-society should be a hierachy in which each individual understands and accepts their plame in the scheme of things.
also believed in self sacrifice, order and discipline.

Question 17

what was the new life movement ?

Answer 17

1934-36 attempt to create new national consciousness and mass psychology involved terror and harrasment in order to force them to change their habits.
campaigns to stop people smoking spitting and urinating in public, having sexual encounters and wearing provokative clothing.
he believed it was an attempt to resue ppl from the cumulative misery of poverty ignorance and superstition.

Question 18

what was jiang’s parliementary group called ?

Answer 18

the society for persistent conduct or blue shirts.