Concrete Inspector Flashcards
1
Q
What is the primary role of a Special Concrete Inspector?
A
To ensure that concrete construction complies with specified standards and regulations.
2
Q
True or False: A Special Concrete Inspector is responsible for the quality control of concrete materials.
A
True
3
Q
Fill in the blank: A Special Concrete Inspector must have knowledge of _______ practices.
A
concrete testing and inspection
4
Q
What certification is often required for a Special Concrete Inspector?
A
American Concrete Institute (ACI) certification
5
Q
Which of the following is NOT a task of a Special Concrete Inspector? A) Monitoring concrete placement B) Conducting soil tests C) Inspecting curing methods
A
B) Conducting soil tests
6
Q
What is the purpose of slump testing in concrete inspection?
A
To measure the workability and consistency of fresh concrete.
7
Q
True or False: A Special Concrete Inspector must document all inspections and findings.
A
True
8
Q
What is the significance of compressive strength testing in concrete?
A
It determines the concrete’s ability to withstand axial loads.
9
Q
Which standard is commonly referenced for concrete inspection?
A
ASTM C94
10
Q
What does the term ‘air content’ refer to in concrete?
A
The volume of air voids in a concrete mix, affecting durability and strength.
11
Q
Fill in the blank: A Special Concrete Inspector should be familiar with _______ codes and regulations.
A
building
12
Q
What is the role of curing in concrete construction?
A
To maintain moisture and temperature for proper hydration of the concrete.
13
Q
True or False: Visual inspection is sufficient for assessing concrete quality.
A
False
14
Q
What tools might a Special Concrete Inspector use on the job?
A
Slump cone, concrete test cylinders, and air meters.
15
Q
Which test is used to assess the concrete’s resistance to freeze-thaw cycles?
A
Durability testing
16
Q
What does ‘initial set’ refer to in concrete?
A
The time when concrete begins to harden after mixing.
17
Q
Fill in the blank: A Special Concrete Inspector must ensure that _______ is followed during concrete pouring.
A
the mix design
18
Q
What is the minimum age required for a person to become a Special Concrete Inspector?
A
Typically 18 years old.
19
Q
True or False: A Special Concrete Inspector can approve changes to the concrete mix without consulting the engineer.
A
False
20
Q
What is the purpose of using admixtures in concrete?
A
To enhance specific properties, such as workability or curing time.
21
Q
Which of the following affects the strength of concrete? A) Water-cement ratio B) Aggregate size C) Both A and B
A
C) Both A and B
22
Q
What does the term ‘concrete maturity’ refer to?
A
The relationship between temperature and time that affects concrete strength development.
23
Q
Fill in the blank: The inspection of _______ is critical for ensuring the performance of concrete structures.
A
formwork
24
Q
What is the role of a Special Concrete Inspector during concrete placement?
A
To observe and document the pouring process and ensure compliance with specifications.
25
True or False: A Special Concrete Inspector may need to work in various weather conditions.
True
26
Stirrups are usually closer together at
The supports
27
Stirrup usually refers to part of the reinforcing steel placed in a
Beam or slab
28
Plain reinforcement is reinforcing steel that
Has fewer or no deformations
29
Reinforcing bars that have both an S and a W cast into the bar in the third position from the top indicate that the bar is acceptable as
A706 and A615 rebar
30
Which requires the most expended applied force to achieve, the yield strength of rebar or the tensile strength of rebar?
Tensile
31
According to ASTM A615, carbon steel comes in how many grades?
5
32
Welded deformed wire reinforcing used for stirrups should be made of wire conforming to ASTM A955 which specifies a maximum yield value of
60,000 psi
33
According to the Concrete Manual, the tensile strength of grade 60 carbon reinforcing steel is
80,000 psi
34
When ASTM A706 rebar is made its minimum yield strength is
60,000
35
Carbon steel rebar covers a minimum tensile strength of up to
115,000
36
Older specifications of rail steel and axel steel have been combined into ASTM
A996
37
The conversion of the inch-pound measuring method of identifying reinforcing bars is called
Soft metric
38
A metric bar size of #32 is the equivalent standard inch pound size of
#10
39
The ASTM listing for deformed and plain carbon steel bars for concrete reinforcement is
ASTMA615
40
The metric substitution for the grade mark on ASTM A706 steel shall be for the corresponding inch-pound size bar of Grade 60.
420
41
Soft metric conversion shows that a piece of rebar labeled inch-pound #11 is converted to a metric size designation of #
36
42
In deformed reinforcing steel, what type of steel does the letter W represent?
A706
43
A No. 18 bar is inches in diameter.
2.257
44
Given: The engineer has permitted you to bundle bars to obtain an equivalent cross-sectional area, what size combinations can you use to equal a #6 bar?
4 #3 bars
45
What is the diameter of a No. 9 bar of plain carbon steel?
1.128
46
The second mark on deformed rebar shall be
Size designation
47
In deformed reinforcing steel, what type is marked with the letter W?
Low alloy
48
Approximately how long is a 40 db lap splice of a No. 11 bar?
57"
49
How many standard sizes of deformed reinforcing steel are listed in the Concrete Manual?
12
50
What does the letter S designate, for grading, on rebar?
Carbon/billet
51
A #7 bar of carbon steel weighs pounds per foot.
2.044
52
Minimum yield strengths in metric units are stated in
Megapascals
53
What are two ways that Grade 60 steel can be identified?
#60, A single longitudinal line through at least five spaces
54
Grade 75 steel is designated by
75 stamped into the steel, 2 grade lines plus 2 main ribs
55
The third character rolled into the surface of an A706 bar shall be the indication of the
Type of steel
56
The letter "H" on rebar designates
Production Mill mark
57
For code conformance of carbon steel bars supplied at the job site, the inspector need only check for the letter marking on the bars.
s
58
In ASTM A615, Grade billet steel is not required to have a grade mark in inch pound or metric.
40
59
Grade 80 rebar can have either the number 80 rolled into the bar or
3 grade lines rolled into the bar
60
A rebar mill can choose to roll one additional longitudinal rib or grade line to indicate Grade
420
61
What does the letters WWR stand for in reference to reinforcing steel in concrete?
Welded wire reinforcement
62
When WWR is shown as W6x12-W16xW7, the number 6 indicates that the longitudinal wires are inches apart.
6
63
The depiction of WWR shown as W6x12-W16xW7 shows that the transverse wire size is
0.7
64
Welded wire reinforcement is frequently used in slabs-on-ground to control shrinkage and
Temperature cracking
65
Welded wire is used in both sheet form and roll form, if rolls are used they require in the field prior to installation.
Straightening
66
Bar mats are used for structural reinforcement and are covered under ASTM
A184
67
When reinforcing bars of ASTM A615 grade 60 are manufactured at the plant they are normally cut into lengths of approximately ______ each.
60'
68
The term "tie" usually refers to a look of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing
Longitudinal bars
69
Placing drawings produced by the rebar company are sometimes incorrectly called.
Shop drawings
70
Bundled bars need to be limited to ________ per bundle.
4
71
Bundled bars in compression members shall be enclosed by transverse reinforcement, the ties need to be No.______ in size.
4
72
The Concrete Manual says the minimum clear distance between layers of parallel reinforcement placed in two or more layers is ______.
1"
73
In a layer where the bars in the layers are #11 in size the minimum clear distance between those parallel bars shall be _______.
1 3/8"
74
Where parallel reinforcement #8 in size is placed in two or more layers, bars in the upper layer shall be placed directly above bars in the bottom layer with clear distance between layers not less than
1"
75
What is the minimum clear distance between longitudinal bars in a reinforced compression member?
1.5 db
76
According to the Concrete Manual the longitudinal reinforcement in columns should be the greatest of
1.5", 1.5 db, 4/3 dagg
77
The minimum clear spacing between hoops is
4/3 dagg
78
A tie on a column is a #4 bar. The column has #8 vertical bars and measures 24" x 24". Given this amount of information, how far apart are the ties spaced?
16"
79
The vertical spacing of lateral ties in tied columns shall not exceed __________ longitudinal bar diameters, __________ tie bar or wire diameters, or least dimension of the compression member.
16,48
80
Longitudinal bars, no. 10 or smaller, shall be enclosed by lateral ties at least __________ m size.
No.3
81
The minimum size of a tie bar for a #11 vertical bar shall be a
#4
82
What is the clear distance between spiral bars in columns?
Not less than 1" nor more than 3"
83
Given: A column has 6, #8 vertical bars and #3 spirals, the mix design used has aggregate of up to 1" what is the maximum clear spacing between the spiral bars?
1 1/3"
84
Spirals shall consist of evenly spaced continuous bar or wire with clear spacing not greater than
3"
85
For cast-in-place concrete construction using spiral reinforcing for columns the smallest size that the spirals can be is
86
What shall spirals consist of?
Spirals shall consist of evenly spaced continuous bar or wire with clear spacing not greater than
## Footnote
CM P. 408 Table 18.7; 318 P. 502 25.7.3.1
87
What is the smallest size that spirals can be for cast-in-place concrete construction?
The smallest size that the spirals can be is 3/8".
## Footnote
CMP. 408 Table 18.7; 318 P. 502 25.7.3.2
88
What is the minimum size of spirals for cast-in-place construction?
The size of spirals shall be not less than #3 either type bar.
## Footnote
CMP. 408 Table 18.7; 318 P. 502 25.7.3.2
89
When are ties required for walls?
Ties are required for walls when the area of the longitudinal reinforcement in the wall is greater than 1% of the wall total area.
## Footnote
CM P. 408 Table 18.7 Note; 318 P. 172 11.7.4.1
90
What is required at the free end of a #8 bar with a 180 degree bend?
There must be at least 4" at the free end of the bar.
## Footnote
CM P. 408' 18.3 Bending #1 and #3; 318 P. 469 25.3.1
91
How is the diameter of bend measured for right angle hooks or ties?
The diameter of bend is measured to the inside of the bar bend.
## Footnote
CM P. 409; 318 P. 470 Table 25.3.2 Footnote
92
Stirrups No. 8 bar and smaller must have, either a 90 degree or a _______ degree turn plus an extension of at least _______ bar diameters at the free end of the bar.
A 90 degree or a 180 degree turn plus an extension of at least 2 bar diameters at the free end of the bar.
93
A standard hook is which one of the following?
A standard hook is a 180 degree bend.
94
For a No. 8 bar, the minimum diameter of a fabrication bend shall be _______.
The minimum diameter of a fabrication bend shall be 5 bar diameters.
95
A standard hook with a 180 degree bend shall have a _______ extension but not less than _______ at the free end of the bar.
A standard hook with a 180 degree bend shall have a 12 inch extension but not less than 6 inches at the free end of the bar.
96
A stirrup for a #6 bar shall consist of a 90 degree hook plus a _______ extension at the free end of the bar.
A stirrup for a #6 bar shall consist of a 90 degree hook plus a 9 inch extension at the free end of the bar.
97
A seismic hook on a circular hoop shall have a bend of _______ degrees and the hook shall have an extension of at least _______.
A seismic hook on a circular hoop shall have a bend of 180 degrees and the hook shall have an extension of at least 12 inches.
98
For No. 5 bar and smaller, what is the minimum inside diameter of bends for stirrups and ties?
The minimum inside diameter of bends for stirrups and ties is 4 bar diameters.
99
Diameters of bend, when measuring right angle hooks or a tie is measured to the _______.
Diameters of bend are measured to the inside face of the hook.
100
A building is designed to have ties on the reinforced concrete columns in accordance with the code. The ties are designated as #4 in size, what diameter mandrel or pin is used to make the necessary bend on the corners of the tie?
The diameter mandrel or pin used is 2 inches.
101
What is the minimum number of vertical bars in compression members within rectangular ties?
The minimum number of vertical bars in compression members within rectangular ties is 4.
102
A circular tie for non-prestressed columns on moment frames shall contain at least _______ longitudinal bars.
A circular tie for non-prestressed columns on moment frames shall contain at least 6 longitudinal bars.
103
What is the minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members required to be when enclosed within a spiral?
The minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members required to be enclosed within a spiral is 6.
104
When placing ties, at least _______ bars need to be within a triangular tie of the columns of special moment frames.
At least 3 bars need to be within a triangular tie of the columns of special moment frames.
105
Bar extension refers to _______.
Bar extension refers to the length of the bar that extends beyond the required length.
106
The tolerances for truss bar overall length as they fit into forms are found on _______.
The tolerances for truss bar overall length are found on the construction drawings.
107
With respect to fabrication of reinforcing bars, a No. 6 size bar has a minimum diameter bend of _______ bar diameters.
A No. 6 size bar has a minimum diameter bend of 4 bar diameters.
108
The amount of steel at the free end of a #6 bar bent at a 90 degree angle is _______ to create a standard hook.
The amount of steel at the free end of a #6 bar bent at a 90 degree angle is 12 inches to create a standard hook.
109
The nominal inside bend diameter of a #8, 60 grade deformed bar standard hook is _______.
The nominal inside bend diameter of a #8, 60 grade deformed bar standard hook is 6 inches.
110
What size diameter mandrel or pin must a No. 6 bar of plain carbon steel be bent around for fabrication?
A No. 6 bar of plain carbon steel must be bent around a 3 inch diameter mandrel or pin for fabrication.
111
Fabrication bends in reinforcing bars No. 9, No. 10, and No. 11, shall be made around pins of what diameter?
Fabrication bends in reinforcing bars No. 9, No. 10, and No. 11 shall be made around pins of 4 inches in diameter.
112
When deformed bars are to act in tension and a #14 bar is required to be bent into a 180 degree bend at one end the size mandrel or pin it must be bent around is _______.
The size mandrel or pin it must be bent around is 7 inches.
113
A rectangular tie, made at a fab shop that is supposed to be 11 inches long and 8 inches across can be as much as _______ short, length wise and still be within specifications.
It can be as much as 1 inch short, length wise and still be within specifications.
114
Tolerances for pre-bent pieces are important to both the installer and the inspector. If a circular tie is made for a column that is 32 in diameter the tolerance for the diameter of the tie is _______.
The tolerance for the diameter of the tie is plus or minus 1 inch.
115
According to the rules of tolerances on rebar the amount that a #5 bar 16 long can be short or long when ordered for a jobsite can be _______.
The amount that a #5 bar 16 long can be short or long is 1 inch.
116
A rectangular stirrup is made for a beam for a parking structure, the length of the beam is 184, the width of the beam is 23, and the depth of the beam is 26 outside measurements. The stirrups as made measure 22 1/2" x 27 1/2". Is this acceptable?
No, this is not acceptable.
117
When delivered to the jobsite, reinforcing steel should be free of rust.
True.
118
Epoxy coating of steel reinforcement is an _______ surface condition of reinforcement.
Epoxy coating of steel reinforcement is an acceptable surface condition of reinforcement.
119
All reinforcement shall be bent cold, unless otherwise permitted by the _______.
All reinforcement shall be bent cold, unless otherwise permitted by the engineer.
120
Welding of crossing bars for assembly of reinforcement shall not be permitted unless authorized by the engineer.
True.
121
When inspecting the placing of reinforcing steel the inspector should check _______ before the steel is tied rigidly in place.
The inspector should check the placement and alignment before the steel is tied rigidly in place.
122
Field bending of rebar partially embedded in concrete is prohibited by code.
True.
123
How many types of splices does the Concrete Manual show?
The Concrete Manual shows 3 types of splices.
124
What is the largest size rebar that can be lapped to another bar of the same size?
The largest size rebar that can be lapped to another bar of the same size is #14.
125
A class B splice is approximately _______ longer than a class A splice.
A class B splice is approximately 12 inches longer than a class A splice.
126
Bars spliced by non-contact lap splices in flexural members shall not be spaced transversely farther apart than _______ the required lap splice length nor _______ inches.
Bars shall not be spaced transversely farther apart than 1.5 times the required lap splice length nor 12 inches.
127
When splicing bundled bars as in a beam may the entire bundle be lap spliced provided the individual bar splices do not overlap?
Yes, the entire bundle may be lap spliced provided the individual bar splices do not overlap.
128
When spliced by a non contact lap splice (40 bar diameters in a beam), the maximum distance that #8 bars shall be spaced is _______ inches apart.
The maximum distance that #8 bars shall be spaced is 12 inches apart.
129
Compression lap splice length for bars less than 60,000 psi is the longer of 0.00005fydb and _______ inches.
Compression lap splice length is the longer of 0.00005fydb and 12 inches.
130
The lap splice length of deformed reinforcement in compression in concrete less than 3000 psi in strength shall be increased by _______.
The lap splice length shall be increased by 50%.
131
When the strength of the reinforcing bars are greater than 80 ksi, the length of a lap splice in compression shall be increased by _______.
The length of a lap splice in compression shall be increased by 25%.
132
Tension lap splice length of welded plain wire reinforcement in tension between outermost cross wires of each reinforcement sheet shall be at least the greatest of _______.
Tension lap splice length shall be at least the greatest of 12 inches or the required lap length.
133
When making lap splices of welded deformed wire reinforcement in tension the lap will be overlapped between outer most cross wires of each reinforcement sheet at least _______ inches.
The lap will be overlapped at least 6 inches.
134
In splicing welded plain wire reinforcement in tension and the area of reinforcement provided is less than twice that required by analysis at splice location the length of the overlap measured between outermost cross wires of each fabric sheet shall be not less than one spacing of cross wires plus _______ inch/inches.
The length of the overlap shall be not less than one spacing of cross wires plus 1 inch.
135
When splicing bars by the welding method and preheat is being used, the bars to be welded must be preheated to the required temperature a minimum of _______ inches each side of the weld location.
The bars must be preheated to a minimum of 6 inches each side of the weld location.
136
The inspector doing the inspection of the welded splices should verify that the correct electrodes are being used and that they are _______.
The inspector should verify that the correct electrodes are being used and that they are in good condition.
137
Wire bar supports are furnished in _______ classes depending on their expected exposure and degree of corrosion protection required.
Wire bar supports are furnished in 3 classes.
138
Class _______ is used for maximum protection for rebar.
Class 1 is used for maximum protection for rebar.
139
The tie wire used to tie the rebar together to resist movement is usually size No. _______.
The tie wire used is usually size No. 16.
140
What does Class 3 bright basic bar supports refer to?
Class 3 bright basic bar supports refer to supports with moderate protection.
141
Bar supports manufactured with moderate protection are listed as _______.
Bar supports manufactured with moderate protection are listed as Class 2.
142
Type B bar stainless steel protected bar supports have no nonstainless steel wire of the bar support closer than _______ from the form surface.
Type B bar supports have no nonstainless steel wire closer than 1 inch from the form surface.
143
Does tying rebar add strength?
Yes, tying rebar adds strength.
144
According to the Concrete Manual, the easiest method of tying rebar together is called a _______ tie.
The easiest method of tying rebar together is called a wrap tie.
145
The outside face of a 12 thick wall is designed to have 1 1/2 of cover between the reinforcement and the face of concrete, according to the Concrete Manual the tolerance for this is _______ inch.
The tolerance for this is plus or minus 1/2 inch.
146
In a wall more than 8 inches wide, what is the tolerance of the minimum allowable concrete cover?
The tolerance of the minimum allowable concrete cover is plus or minus 1 inch.
147
Tolerance for longitudinal location of ends of bars ACI 318 26.6.2.1.(b) is illustrated in _______.
Tolerance for longitudinal location of ends of bars is illustrated in the construction drawings.
148
Tolerance for longitudinal location of bends and ends of reinforcement shall be plus or _______ inches except at discontinuous ends.
Tolerance shall be plus or minus 1 inch except at discontinuous ends.
149
Tolerance for longitudinal location of bends at discontinuous ends of reinforcement shall be plus or minus ______ inch at the ends of brackets and corbels.
Tolerance shall be plus or minus 1/2 inch at the ends of brackets and corbels.
150
What is the tolerance for the longitudinal location of bends and ends of reinforcement?
The tolerance is plus or minus 1 inch.
151
The placing tolerance for the location of bar ends in general concrete construction is _______.
The placing tolerance for the location of bar ends is plus or minus 1 inch.
152
When placing reinforcing steel in a beam form that is 4 wide the tolerance for bar placement is _______.
The tolerance for bar placement is plus or minus 1/2 inch.
153
The tolerance for concrete cover in member sizes over 12 is _______.
The tolerance for concrete cover in member sizes over 12 is plus or minus 1 inch.
154
The plans call for 1 1/2 of concrete cover on an 8 wall, the actual amount of cover can be _______ using the tolerance allowed.
The actual amount of cover can be 1 inch less or more using the tolerance allowed.
155
Cast-in-place concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth shall have at least ________ of cover.
Cast-in-place concrete shall have at least 3 inches of cover.
156
What is the minimum concrete cover for pipes and fittings embedded in concrete not exposed to weather?
The minimum concrete cover is 2 inches.
157
For a cast in place non-prestressed slab on grade, a layer of #4 bars is placed on top of dobies that are on the ground, the thickness of the dobies must be _______.
The thickness of the dobies must be at least 3 inches.
158
The minimum concrete cover allowed on a nonprestressed concrete tilt-up panel exposed to weather, reinforced with #6 and #7 size rebar is _______.
The minimum concrete cover allowed is 1 1/2 inches.
159
After form removal, what is the minimum concrete cover for No. 5 reinforcement in walls exposed to the ground?
The minimum concrete cover is 3 inches.
160
A row of No. 8 bars are placed in a beam that is not to be exposed to weather or in contact with the ground, the stirrups that encircle the row of bars shall have how much clearance between the stirrup and the surface of the concrete.
The stirrups shall have 1 inch clearance between the stirrup and the surface of the concrete.
161
The minimum allowable concrete coverage for vertical #7 rebar used in a wall not exposed to weather shall be _______.
The minimum allowable concrete coverage shall be 1 1/2 inches.
162
What is the required concrete cover for reinforcement in slabs, not exposed to weather for #14 bars and larger?
The required concrete cover is 2 inches.
163
For bundled bars, minimum concrete cover shall be equal to the equivalent diameter of the bundle, but not be greater than _______ inches.
The minimum concrete cover shall not be greater than 3 inches.
164
A reasonable guide for placing adequate support devices for supporting WWR in a slab that is to be made of W or D5 to W or D 8 or larger is to place the supports every _______ feet.
The supports should be placed every 5 feet.
165
Plain welded wire is spliced by overlapping so that the overlap, measured between the outermost cross wires of each sheet, is not less than the spacing of cross wires plus _______.
The overlap is not less than the spacing of cross wires plus 1 inch.
166
Epoxy-coated reinforcement (bars and welded wire) has been in use since _______.
Epoxy-coated reinforcement has been in use since the 1980s.
167
What does ASTM A775 refer to?
ASTM A775 refers to the standard specification for epoxy-coated steel reinforcing bars.
168
ASTM _______ covers epoxy-coating of straight bars that are then fabricated after coating.
ASTM A615 covers epoxy-coating of straight bars that are then fabricated after coating.
169
Just prior to placement of concrete epoxy-coated reinforcement should be checked for _______.
Epoxy-coated reinforcement should be checked for damage.
170
For inspection of epoxy-coated welded wire fabric, the special inspector must refer to recognized ASTM Standard _______.
The special inspector must refer to recognized ASTM Standard A1064.
171
Galvanized reinforcing bars are covered under ASTM _______.
Galvanized reinforcing bars are covered under ASTM A615.
172
Fiberglass reinforcement is made from high strength glass fibers and vinyl resin, this type of reinforcing is called_______.
This type of reinforcing is called composite reinforcement.
173
For post-tensioned construction, the code permits a difference of _______ percent between the jacking force specified and the jacking force measured using calibrated stressing equipment.
The code permits a difference of 5 percent.
174
Does plain concrete require reinforcement around openings?
Yes, plain concrete requires reinforcement around openings.
175
At least _______ #_______ bars shall be provided around all window and door openings.
At least 2 #5 bars shall be provided around all window and door openings.
176
In plain concrete, a minimum of 2 #5 bars are required to be placed around openings for doors, windows or similarly sized openings that shall extend _______ beyond the corners of the openings.
They shall extend 12 inches beyond the corners of the openings.
177
Minimum thickness of exterior basement and foundation walls shall not be less than _____ inches.
Minimum thickness shall not be less than 8 inches.
178
Thickness of plain concrete bearing walls shall not be less than _______ the unsupported height or length whichever is less and not less than _______.
Thickness shall not be less than 1/2 the unsupported height or length whichever is less and not less than 8 inches.
179
The overall thickness of structural plain concrete footings shall not be less than _______ inches.
The overall thickness shall not be less than 12 inches.
180
What additional reinforcement is required around all window and door openings in a concrete wall with two layers of reinforcing steel?
Additional reinforcement required is 2 #5 bars.
181
When a wall of plain concrete has only one layer of reinforcement, what additional reinforcement is required at openings?
Additional reinforcement required is 2 #5 bars.
182
