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conchem for seatwork alotainfo Flashcards

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1
Q

This extremely bright purple dye was discovered by accident in the 19th century by a chemist trying to synthesize quinine as a malaria cure.

A

Mauveine

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2
Q

What do you call a substance that fixes dye permanently in fabric?

A

Mordant

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3
Q

Which of the following fabric dyes is not derived from an animal?
A. Kermes
B. Cochineal
C. Indigo
D. Murex

A

C. Indigo

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4
Q

If I want to dye something a nice blue color, I could use what?

A

Woad

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5
Q

A red, yellow, or brown pigment derived from mud, metal, rock, or earth would be a type of:

A

Ochre

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6
Q

One of the earliest pigments used by prehistoric humans was carbon black. How was it obtained?

A

by burning wood

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7
Q

Murex was prized by the Romans (among other civilizations) for its rich color - and only rich people were allowed to use it. What color does it produce?

A

Purple

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8
Q

How old are the earliest surviving examples of dyed fabric?

A

5,000 to 6,000 years old

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9
Q

How is a dye different from paint?

A

A dye actually chemically bonds with what is being dyed, paints do not.

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10
Q

Natural dye may be made from plants, animals, and minerals. Which dye is derived from an animal?
A. Madder
B. Cutch
C. Indigo
D. Cochineal

A

D. Cochineal

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11
Q

Before dyeing your wool, you’ll need to soak it in a chemical that will improve the colorfastness and quality of the dye. What are such chemicals called?

A

Mordants

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12
Q

Which of the following is not commonly used to improve the colorfastness and quality of dye?
A. Alum
B. Copper
C. Silver
D. Iron

A

C. Silver

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13
Q

Which of the following has not been a source of red dye?
A. Cochineal
B. Eucalyptus
C. Madder
D. Cutch

A

D. Cutch

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14
Q

A traditional blue dye for both cloth and people in the British Iles, this dye was produced from a plant, in ages past, by fermenting its leaves with urine.

A

Woad

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15
Q

Tyrian purple was one of the most-valued color in antiquity, because purple dyes were so rare. From what was it obtained?

A

Shellfish

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16
Q

Which pure color is most difficult to obtain through just one natural dye?

A

Green

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17
Q

The earliest pigment use we know of is from the ——————.

A

Lower Paleolithic Age (350,000 years ago)

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18
Q

Some evidence shows that textile dyeing dates back as early as the —————– or New Stone Age, which took place around 10,200 BCE.

A

Neolithic Period

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19
Q

Dyed flax fibers have been found in prehistoric caves in the —————- from before 36,000 BP.

A

Republic of Georgia

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20
Q

In ———- and ——–, dyeing has been happening for over 5,000 years.

A

India , Palestine

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21
Q

Some data state that dyeing was done more than —— years ago because of the evidence of dyed fabrics found in Egyptian tombs.

A

4,000

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22
Q

During ———– to ———- BCE, the period when fixed settlements and textiles were being developed, dyes were also used.

A

7200 , 2000

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23
Q

In ————-, dye guilds developed their dye stuffs and methods under strict secrecy. People were very competitive and some were even killed for their knowledge.

A

Medieval times

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24
Q

The first synthetic dye was ——— and was discovered by ———– in ———.

A

mauve, William Henry Perkin, 1856

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25
Q

Define dyes.

A

-colored substance that chemically bonds to the substrate to which it is being applied.
-this distinguishes dyes from pigments that do not chemically bind to the material they color.
-the dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution, and may require a mordant to improve fastness of the dye on the fiber.
-not all colored organic substances are dyes.
-only organic molecules of considerable complexity are useful as dyes.

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26
Q

Cochineal dyes are derived from the dry bodies of the insect ——————–, which lives on the Cactus Rhynchota

A

Dactylopius Coccus

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27
Q

Scientific name of Cutch

A

Acacia Catechu

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28
Q

— is a dye made from the heart wood of the acacia tree and used in India long before the birth of Christ.

A

Cutch

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29
Q

——– is a large genus with over ——- species that thrive in many of the warmer regions of the world.

A

Acacia, 500

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30
Q

Has been used as a brown dye in India for over 2000 years.

A

Bombay Catechu

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31
Q

——– was found in the ancient time periods in the Middle East as a brown dye for textiles which was also found in ancient Egypt.

A

Indian cutch

32
Q

——- is cultivated in the West Indies, Central and South Americas, and historically, the wood imported from Cuba was considered to be superior to the rest.

A

Fustic

33
Q

Fustic dyestuff was first introduced into Europe via ——- in —— and later directly imported by several countries in very large quantities.

A

Spain , 1510

34
Q

———- is probably a native of the eastern part of India, but has been cultivated for many centuries throughout the Near East and North Africa.

A

Henna

35
Q

The Ancient Egyptians used henna for ——–, ———, and even ———.

A

dyeing their nails, the palms of their hands, and even the soles of their feet

36
Q

Henna is found in which countries? (4)

A

Palestine, North Africa, India, Persia, and other countries with warm climates.

37
Q

———- was introduced to Europe in the 16th century.

A

Logwood

38
Q

In the 19th century, it became one of the most important natural dyes.

-also was originally used for purple and violet shades on tin or alum which are not particularly fast to light

A

Logwood

39
Q

During the ——-, the use of natural dyes slowly declined, and the rise of synthetic dyes started taking place, and it happened for a number of reasons.

A

1850s

40
Q

The study of —– and —- also laid the groundwork for the rise of synthetic dye use. In —-, coal tar was not widely used. However, it still attracted the attention of a lot of chemists as being a source of new organic compounds.

A

coal and tar, 1850

41
Q

In —-, teenager ——– accidentally discovered a dye he called mauve while trying to make QUININE in his home lab.

A

1856, William Henry Perkin

42
Q

What exactly happened in William Henry Perkin’s experiment that led to his discovery of mauve?

A

Perkin was trying to convert an artificial base into natural alkaloid quinine. Instead of getting a colorless quinine, he ended up with a reddish powder. This intrigued him and he decided to experiment further. He tried adding aniline - a different base with a simpler construction. This created a perfectly black product. After purification, drying, and washing it with alcohol, Perkin had a MAUVE DYE.

43
Q

To develop large-scale production methods for his starting materials, William Henry Perkin built a factory at ———-. At first he called the dye ANILINE PURPLE, but following its success in France, it was renamed mauve (or mauveine), after the french word for the ——————.

A

Greenford Green in Middlesex, purple mallow flower

44
Q

French Empress ——– wore a dress dyed with mauve and it became one of Queen Victoria’s favorite colors.

A

Eugenie

45
Q

From —– to ——, even British ‘penny lilac’ postage stamps were colored mauve.

A

1881-1901

46
Q

Like many ‘natural’ dyes, —— and —— are simple molecules, but until 1868 their chemical structures were completely unknown. In that year, —— was shown chemically to be derived from the hydrocarbon anthracene, obtained, of course, from coal tar.

A

Alizarin and indigo, alizarin

47
Q

For half a century, ——- dominated the synthetic dyestuffs (and drugs) industry, with companies like —–, —-, —–, and —-.

Ironically several of the chemists employed by these companies had learned their trade with British dye manufacturers before returning to ——-.

A

Germany, AGFA, BASF, Bayer, and Hoechst

Germany

48
Q

By ——, Germany was exporting about 135,000 tonnes of dyes compared to Britain’s 5,000 tonnes.

A

1913

49
Q

In —–, the British government was forced to revitalize its chemical industry by bringing together several companies under the name IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES (ICI).

A

1926

50
Q

Color chemists set about developing new synthetic dyestuffs for use on the growing range of new synthetic fibers, like ——- and ——-, that were being developed at the time (1926) and couldn’t be dyed using traditional methods.

A

nylon and terylene

51
Q

Today, the world’s dyestuffs industry produces around ——– tonnes of synthetic dye each year.

A

500,000

52
Q

Earliest written record of the use of dyestuffs in China

A

2600 BC

53
Q

Wool dyeing established as craft in Rome

A

715 BC

54
Q

Alexander finds 190-year-old purple robes when he conquers Susa, the Persian capital. They were in the royal treasury and said to be worth 6 million dollars (equivalent).

A

331 BC

55
Q

Alexander the Great mentions “beautiful printed cottons” in India

A

327 BC

56
Q

An Egyptian papyrus mentions dyers as “stinking of fish, with tired eyes and hands working unceasingly”

A

236 BC

57
Q

Romans found painted people “picti” in Gaul dyeing themselves with Woad (same chemical content color as indigo)

A

55 BC

58
Q

Roman graves found with madder and indigo dyed textiles, replacing the old Imperial Purple (purpura)

A

2nd and 3rd Centuries AD

59
Q

papyrus found in a grave contains the oldest type recipe known, for imitating purple

A

3rd Century

60
Q

The Wool Dyers’ Guilds first initiated in Germany

A

925

61
Q

the first mention of Guilds for Dyers in London

A

1188

62
Q

dyeing cloth “in the wood” was introduced in England: logwood, fustic, etc.

A

1614

63
Q

Indigo begins to be grown in England, after the Revolution when it became cheaper to import from the East Indies.

A

1745

64
Q

Swedish chemist, Scheele, discovered chlorine destroyed vegetable colors by observing a cork in a bottle or hydrochloric acid.

A

1774

65
Q

Prussian Blue and Sulphuric acid available commercially. Prussian Blue formed from prussite of potash and iron salt.

A

1774

66
Q

Bell, England, who had invented printing from plates, developed roller printing.

A

1785

67
Q

William Henry Perkin discovered the first synthetic dye stuff “Mauve”

A

1856

68
Q

Magenta (fuchsin) discovered by VERGUIN the 2nd basic dye and more widely used than Mauve

A

1858-59

69
Q

Methyl violet, basic dye, by Lauth

A

1861

70
Q

Hofmann’s Violet, Hofmann was one of the great dye chemists of all time

A

1862

71
Q

Bismarck Brown developed by Martius and Lightfoot, first soluble azo dye

A

1862

72
Q

Aniline Black, developed by Lightfoot, a black produced by oxidation of aniline on the cotton fiber.

A

1863

73
Q

Methyl violet, basic dye

A

1866

74
Q

1st sulfur dye

A

1873

75
Q

Malachite Green, basic dye by Dobner and Fisher

A

1877

76
Q

Biebrich Scarlet invented a very pure red acid dye.

A

1878

Consumer Chemistry ey (1 decks)

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