Concerns (Ch15) (M1) Flashcards
What is a stakeholder?
A stakeholder is a person who is involved either directly, or indirectly with an issue or problem
What do most issues and problems have?
Most issues and problems will have many stakeholders
Define moral
Moral is behaving in ways considered by most people to be correct and honest
Define ethical
Ethical is behaving in accordance with principles of conduct that are considered correct, especially those of a given profession
Give one example of an inappropriate material that children can access, because of the internet.
The Internet has made it easier for children to access inappropriate material, like pornography, drugs and gambling.
What can parents and schools do, to try and limit children’s access to inappropriate material online?
Parents and schools can use parental-control software to try to stop children from accessing inappropriate material
What is cyberbullying?
Cyberbulling is when somebody uses social media to deliberately harm someone else.
What does cyberbullying include?
Cyberbullying includes:
Trying to intimidate someone
Insulting people
Trying to humiliate or defame someone
What impact can cyberbullying have?
Cyberbullying can cause serious distress - people have been driven to suicide because of these attacks.
What is trolling?
Trolling is when somebody tries to cause public arguments with others online.
What are ethical issues about?
Ethical issues are about what would be considered right and wrong by society.
What do professional bodies often have?
Often, professional bodies have a “Code of Ethics” which members must follow.
What are cultural issues about?
Cultural issues are about how groups of people with particular beliefs, practices or languages may be affected, e.g. ethnic groups, religions, countries.
What can new technology impact?
New technology can impact our social well-being, health, culture, technology and business.
Employees may be expected to carry a smartphone all the time, so that they can always be contacted. Why can this be a problem?
This can be stressful for employees who feel they can never really switch off from work.
Technology has increased peer pressure. Give an example.
Children feel pressure to own the latest device for fear of being bullied by their peers. Parents feel pressured into buying them.
Why is face-to-face social interaction being more neglected?
Face-to-face interaction is more neglected as more of our social lives are online.
This is made worse by having the internet on mobile devices we carry all the time.
Give one way in which technology can impact well-being
Companies release new technology regularly, and pay for advertisements to promote it.
These techniques often try to influence and pressure people into buying or upgrading to the latest device.
Smartphones make it easier for people’s work to intrude into other areas of life. Employees may be expected to carry a smartphone all the time, so that they can always be contacted.
This can be stressful for employees who feel they can never really switch off from work.
Technology has also increased peer pressure - children feel pressure to own the latest device for fear of being bullied by their peers. Parents feel pressured into buying them.
Face-to-face social interaction can be neglected as more of our social lives move online. This is made worse by having the internet on mobile devices we carry all the time.
What can looking at a device’s screen for too long cause?
Eyestrain can be caused by looking at a device’s screen for too long.
Give one prevention of eyestrain
Preventions of eyestrain:
Using suitable lighting
Keeping the screen a good distance away from you
Taking regular breaks from using your device
What is Repetitive Strain Injury? How is it caused?
Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) is when parts of the body (normally fingers and wrist) become damaged as a result of repeated movements over a long period of time, such as typing on a keyboard.
Give one prevention of Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI)
Preventions of Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI):
Arranging your desk appropriately
Having a correct posture
Taking regular breaks
What can sitting at a computer for too long cause?
Sitting at a computer too long can cause back pain - this is normally due to a poor posture.
Give one prevention of back pain
Preventions of back pain:
Using an adjustable chair, footrest and adjustable monitor to ensure you aren’t sitting at an awkward angle
Why have selfies become really popular? What could this be a sign of?
Selfies (photos we take of ourselves) have become really popular because smartphone cameras and social media allow us to take and share them easily.
But they could be a sign that social media is gradually making people more attention-seeking and self-obsessed.
What does viral mean?
Viral is a word used to describe videos, images or messages on the Internet which have rapidly spread over social media and have been seen by millions of people.
Why do companies, politicians, celebrities and charities all use images and videos in their promotional campaigns?
They all try to use images and videos in their promotional campaigns in the hope that they will go viral.
Social media and blogs allow people to publish writing, art or other media. Who does this give a voice to?
Social media and blogs can give a voice to groups of people who might have been ignored by mainstream media.
What do music and television streaming services allow their customers to do? Why aren’t some happy about this?
Music and television streaming services have allowed their customers to listen and watch media for less money, usually through a subscription service.
But some people aren’t happy about it — e.g. musicians who feel streaming companies don’t pay them enough money to use their music.
What is the sharing economy? Give an example
The sharing economy is the name given to services which use new technology to let people make money from things they already own.
For example, Uber lets you turn your car into a taxi service, and Airbnb uses the Internet to let you rent out a room in your house to tourists.
Why may making money from things you already own, or streaming services be problematic?
These services are cheap, but they draw customers away from established businesses. Also, they may be more risky for sharers and customers.
Give one way in which technology is changing how we do business
Music and television streaming services have allowed their customers to listen and watch media for less money, usually through a subscription service. But some people aren’t happy about it.
For example, musicians who feel streaming companies don’t pay them enough money to use their music.
The sharing economy is the name given to services which use new technology to let people make money from things they already own.
For example, Uber lets you turn your car into a taxi service, and Airbnb uses the Internet to let you rent out a room in your house to tourists.
Give one way in which technology has impacted our culture
Selfies (photos we take of ourselves) have become really popular because smartphone cameras and social media allow us to take and share them easily. But they could be a sign that social media is gradually making people more attention-seeking and self-obsessed.
Viral is a word used to describe videos, images or messages on the Internet which have rapidly spread over social media and have been seen by millions of people.
Companies, politicians, celebrities and charities all try to use images and videos in their promotional campaigns in the hope that they will go viral.
Social media and blogs allow people to publish writing, art or other media. This can give a voice to groups of people who might have been ignored by mainstream media.
People online can hack services to obtain user’s data. What can this data be used for?
This hacked data can sometimes be used for criminal purposes or sold.
Why is the internet not always a safe place?
The internet is not always a safe place because people can find out sensitive and private data about users if sufficient precautions aren’t taken by users, or if the person has hacked the service.
What do many websites require users to provide?
Many websites (e.g. social media, banking and retail) require users to provide personal information in order to set up an account, e.g. date of birth and address.
What do social media websites encourage users to do?
Social media websites actively encourage users to post even more personal information, including photographs and details of your job and social life.
What do cloud computing websites allow users to do?
Cloud computing websites allow users to upload personal files to their servers.
Give one thing companies could do with your information, that could be a privacy risk
Companies may make your personal information, photos, etc. available to other website users or the whole Internet.
They may also sell your personal details, buying habits, likes / dislikes etc. to other organisations (who might use it to send you targeted adverts or spam emails).
Companies can do lots with your information as long as they stay within the bounds of the privacy agreement.
What can social media users do to make the information they share more private?
Users can change their privacy settings on social media, to make the information they share more private
Give three privacy concerns with websites, social media, and companies having user’s personal data
Many websites (e.g. social media, banking and retail) require users to provide personal information in order to set up an account, e.g. date of birth and address.
Social media websites actively encourage users to post even more personal information, including photographs and details of your job and social life.
Cloud computing websites allow users to upload personal files to their servers.
Companies may make your personal information, photos, etc. available to other website users or the whole Internet.
They may also sell your personal details, buying habits, likes / dislikes etc. to other organisations (who might use it to send you targeted adverts or spam emails).
Companies can do lots with your information as long as they stay within the bounds of the privacy agreement.
Users can take steps to make the information they share more private, e.g. change their privacy settings on social media sites.
Websites often have fairly relaxed privacy settings by default. They also can have privacy settings that are hard to find and hard to understand.
Users have to trust companies to keep their data secure. But this doesn’t always happen - there have been various high profile cases where customer data held by large companies has been leaked or stolen.
There are also issues with personal information being accessed via mobile devices, which could be stolen.
What is internet censorship?
Internet censorship is when someone tries to control what other people can access the internet.
Give one reason why governments use censorship
Some countries’ government use censorship to restrict access to certain information.
Many governments use some form of censorship. Many countries including the UK) restrict access to pornography, gambling and other inappropriate websites in order to protect children.
Some countries have even stricter Internet censorship policies and will restrict access to websites which are critical of the government.
What is computer surveillance?
Computer surveillance is the act of monitoring what people are accessing on the internet.
Give one way in which government intelligence agencies use surveillance
Government intelligence agencies may use packet sniffers and other software to monitor internet traffic, looking out for certain key words or phrases that might alert them to illegal activities, terrorism, etc.
In some countries, what do Internet Service Providers (ISPs) keep?
In some countries, Internet Service Providers (ISPs) keep records of all websites visited by all its customers for a certain amount of time.
Give two arguments for the regulation of the internet
Arguments for the regulation of the internet:
The internet is no different to other media: radio, TV, newspapers, etc.
The internet has harmful, offensive, and illegal content.
Children should be better protected.
Profit making organisations on the internet should share responsibility for policing the internet they have created.
Give two arguments against the regulation of the internet
Arguments against the regulation of the internet:
Freedom of expression is an absolute right
The internet is different to other media because anyone can be an author and broadcaster
The internet grows too quickly for filtering to be effective
Censorship is bad for democracy
Parents should take more responsibility
What are environmental issues about?
Environmental issues are about how we impact the natural world.
When we make devices, what do we use?
When we make devices, we use up natural resources.
What do electronic devices contain?
Electronic devices contain lots of raw materials.
Give three metals devices may contain.
Devices may also contain many metals like gold silver, copper, mercury, palladium, platinum, and indium.
How do many metals used in devices occur? What can extracting these metals do?
Many metals in devices only occur naturally in tiny quantities.
Extracting these materials uses lots of energy, creates pollution, and depletes scarce natural resources.
What form of energy do devices use?
Devices consume energy in the form of electricity
How is most electricity made?
Most electricity is made using non-renewable resources like coal, oil and gas.
How can extracting resources and producing electricity in power station be harmful?
Extracting resources and producing electricity in power stations causes lots of polution including greenhouse gases.
All computers generate heat and require cooling. Powerful servers particularly have to be constantly kept cool using air conditioning, and they are very power-hungry. Why is this a problem?
They’re very power hungry and require special air-conditioned rooms to keep them cool.
That means using even more energy and more pollution.
