Concepts Review Exam II Flashcards
Steps to the general research process
- Develop question
- Generate hypothesis
- Form operational definitions
- Choose a design
- Evaluate ethical issues
- Analyze and interpret data
- Report results
What are the 4 goals of the scientific method?
Description
Prediction
Explanation
Application
What is a construct?
Concept being measured
Difference between basic and applied research?
Basic research seeks to understand behavior while applied research seeks to improve the situation
Inclusion/exclusion concerning samples
In: criteria to give researchers a set of standards for potential participants
Ex: help researchers eliminate candidates
Random assignment
Participants randomly assigned to any given group
Power
Probability that a false null hypothesis will be rejected
Representative concerning samples
Sample must be representative of the pop
What is external/ecological validity?
The extent to which results can be extended to the population
What are confounds and how do experiments try to eliminate them?
Variable that accidentally covaries with another
Only manipulate 1 variable at a time
Cleaning the data
Examine ranges for each variable
Searching for outliers
Very high or low data that appear unusual
Scoring data
Assessing accuracy
Convert from raw to scored values
Creating composite variables
Combine across measures
Evaluating normality
Bell curve
Skew
Distorted to one side
Kurtosis
The peakedness of a measure
Why does sample size matter?
Q
Define variance
How much variability exists in the data
What does NHST stand for?
Null hypothesis testig
Null hypothesis
Independent variable has no effect; difference between the two groups statistically insignificant
Alternative hypothesis
The IV does not have an effect on the DV, there is a difference between groups
Type I error
Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually TRUE
Type II error
Failing to reject the null when it is actually FALSE.
P-value
The probability of the effect occurring by chance
Effect size
Helps you tell that you’ve made an error
Helps determine worth of pilot study
Mostly ind of sample size
What is NHST based on?
Probability
Can NHST prove or disprove a hypothesis?
No
Most common reason for type II error?
Usually small sample size
Most common reason for type I errror?
Running many analyses
How does effect size relate to the p value?
Q
How does power relate to p value?
O
Cohens d
Measures what?
What represents S M L?
Measures effect size
S= .20
M= .50
L= .80
Pearsons R
What are the possible opportunities available for reporting?
Why do we need to report our findings?
Communicate to community
What are the possible opportunities available for reporting?
Research conference
Psych research journal
What does the term peer review mean?
A
What is the formula for power?
1- beta
Power + beta = ?
1, or 100%
What is beta?
% chance of a type II error
What type of error is the worst?
I
Can you determine power from NHST? Effect size?
No
Yes
What is alpha
Significance level, p value, possibility that results occurred by chance
Measures of dispersion/variability
Describe the degree of dispersion of numbers in the distribution
SD
Range
Structure of APA reports
Title page Abstract Intro Method Results Discussion References Footnotes Tables/figures Appendices
Title page
Includes?
What research is about Who did it Where it was done Heading Author note
Abstract
What is it?
Includes?
Concise one paragraph summary of content/purpose
Includes problem, method, major findings, conclusions
Introduction
3 primary objectives?
Introduce problem being studied and importance
Summarize literature background
Describe purpose and design, hypothesis
Method
Includes?
Needs what?
Describe participants, materials, procedure
Needs to be very organized
Results
What is included?
What’s not included?
Includes summary statistics and inferential
Tables and figures important
Does not include raw data like individual scores
Three steps to results section?
State purpose of analysis
Identify descriptive statistic to summarize
Present summary of the statistic across conditions
Discussion
Compare and contrast results
Propose additional research that could be done
Summery of major results
References
Journal articles
Books
Chapters in edited books
Internet sources
Footnotes
Numbered consecutively, separate from references section
Appendices
Raw data, copy of instructions to participants, printout of analysis, etc
