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Psychology: Research Design & Analysis > Concepts Review Exam II > Flashcards

Concepts Review Exam II Flashcards

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0
Q

Steps to the general research process

A
  1. Develop question
  2. Generate hypothesis
  3. Form operational definitions
  4. Choose a design
  5. Evaluate ethical issues
  6. Analyze and interpret data
  7. Report results
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1
Q

What are the 4 goals of the scientific method?

A

Description
Prediction
Explanation
Application

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2
Q

What is a construct?

A

Concept being measured

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3
Q

Difference between basic and applied research?

A

Basic research seeks to understand behavior while applied research seeks to improve the situation

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4
Q

Inclusion/exclusion concerning samples

A

In: criteria to give researchers a set of standards for potential participants

Ex: help researchers eliminate candidates

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5
Q

Random assignment

A

Participants randomly assigned to any given group

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6
Q

Power

A

Probability that a false null hypothesis will be rejected

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7
Q

Representative concerning samples

A

Sample must be representative of the pop

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8
Q

What is external/ecological validity?

A

The extent to which results can be extended to the population

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9
Q

What are confounds and how do experiments try to eliminate them?

A

Variable that accidentally covaries with another

Only manipulate 1 variable at a time

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10
Q

Cleaning the data

A

Examine ranges for each variable

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11
Q

Searching for outliers

A

Very high or low data that appear unusual

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12
Q

Scoring data

A

Assessing accuracy

Convert from raw to scored values

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13
Q

Creating composite variables

A

Combine across measures

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14
Q

Evaluating normality

A

Bell curve

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15
Q

Skew

A

Distorted to one side

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16
Q

Kurtosis

A

The peakedness of a measure

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17
Q

Why does sample size matter?

A

Q

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18
Q

Define variance

A

How much variability exists in the data

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19
Q

What does NHST stand for?

A

Null hypothesis testig

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20
Q

Null hypothesis

A

Independent variable has no effect; difference between the two groups statistically insignificant

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21
Q

Alternative hypothesis

A

The IV does not have an effect on the DV, there is a difference between groups

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22
Q

Type I error

A

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually TRUE

23
Q

Type II error

A

Failing to reject the null when it is actually FALSE.

24
Q

P-value

A

The probability of the effect occurring by chance

25
Q

Effect size

A

Helps you tell that you’ve made an error
Helps determine worth of pilot study
Mostly ind of sample size

26
Q

What is NHST based on?

A

Probability

27
Q

Can NHST prove or disprove a hypothesis?

A

No

28
Q

Most common reason for type II error?

A

Usually small sample size

29
Q

Most common reason for type I errror?

A

Running many analyses

30
Q

How does effect size relate to the p value?

A

Q

31
Q

How does power relate to p value?

A

O

32
Q

Cohens d
Measures what?
What represents S M L?

A

Measures effect size
S= .20
M= .50
L= .80

33
Q

Pearsons R

A

What are the possible opportunities available for reporting?

34
Q

Why do we need to report our findings?

A

Communicate to community

35
Q

What are the possible opportunities available for reporting?

A

Research conference

Psych research journal

36
Q

What does the term peer review mean?

A

A

37
Q

What is the formula for power?

A

1- beta

38
Q

Power + beta = ?

A

1, or 100%

39
Q

What is beta?

A

% chance of a type II error

40
Q

What type of error is the worst?

A

I

41
Q

Can you determine power from NHST? Effect size?

A

No

Yes

42
Q

What is alpha

A

Significance level, p value, possibility that results occurred by chance

43
Q

Measures of dispersion/variability

A

Describe the degree of dispersion of numbers in the distribution
SD
Range

44
Q

Structure of APA reports

A 
Title page 
Abstract
Intro 
Method
Results
Discussion
References
Footnotes
Tables/figures
Appendices
45
Q

Title page

Includes?

A 
What research is about
Who did it
Where it was done
Heading
Author note
46
Q

Abstract
What is it?
Includes?

A

Concise one paragraph summary of content/purpose

Includes problem, method, major findings, conclusions

47
Q

Introduction

3 primary objectives?

A

Introduce problem being studied and importance

Summarize literature background

Describe purpose and design, hypothesis

48
Q

Method
Includes?
Needs what?

A

Describe participants, materials, procedure

Needs to be very organized

49
Q

Results
What is included?
What’s not included?

A

Includes summary statistics and inferential
Tables and figures important
Does not include raw data like individual scores

50
Q

Three steps to results section?

A

State purpose of analysis
Identify descriptive statistic to summarize
Present summary of the statistic across conditions

51
Q

Discussion

A

Compare and contrast results
Propose additional research that could be done
Summery of major results

52
Q

References

A

Journal articles
Books
Chapters in edited books
Internet sources

53
Q

Footnotes

A

Numbered consecutively, separate from references section

54
Q

Appendices

A

Raw data, copy of instructions to participants, printout of analysis, etc

Psychology: Research Design & Analysis (4 decks)

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