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Pedo/Ortho > Concepts of Grown and Development pt 1 > Flashcards

Concepts of Grown and Development pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the growth theory of bone?

A

primary determinant of its own growth and other tissues respond indirectly or epigenetically

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2
Q

what is the growth theory of cartilage?

A

primary determinant of skeletal growth. Bone responds passively and secondarily

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3
Q

what is the growth theory of soft tissue matrix?

A

primary determinant of growth is embedded in the skeletal elements .
both bone and cartilage are secondary
followers.

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4
Q

what is the major difference in growth theories?

A

location where genetic control is expressed

*either periosteum, inside cartilage, or throughout the soft tissues

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5
Q

growth is influenced by what 2 things?

A

genetics and environment

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6
Q

what is the role of the genetic blue print model in regards to jaw growth

A

genetic preprogramming has been presumed by many to have a fundamental influence in establishing basic facial pattern.

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7
Q

what is the current thinking regarding genetic tissues like the mandible size and/or skeletal malocclusion?

A

genetic tissues do not actually govern their own function, but are rather controlled by epigenetic (indirect) influences..

*from other tissue groups and developmental input signals

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8
Q

If cartilage and cartilaginous growth were the primary influence in growth of the mandible, what would happen?

A

, the cartilage on the condyle of the mandible could be considered as a pacemaker for growth.

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9
Q

are the mandibular condyles growth sites or growth centers?

A

growth sites

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10
Q

why do bioelectric signals occur?

A

distortions of the crystals in bone

**cause minute deformation of bone matrix due to mechanical strain

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11
Q

where are bioelectric charges generated?

A

area of deformation

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12
Q

Altered electrical potentials appear to relate, directly or indirectly, and trigger what?

A

Osteoblasts and clasts

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13
Q

what is Wolff’s law?

A

bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to the loads under which it is placed

*theory developed in late 1800s

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14
Q

what is the mechanostat theory??

A
  • bone growth and bone loss is stimulated by the local mechanical elastic deformation of bone.
  • bone adapts its mechanical properties according to the needed mechanical function – bone mass, bone geometry and hence bone is adapted according to the every-day usage / needs.
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15
Q

T/F mechanostat theory is linear

A

true

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16
Q

what make mechanostat theory so important?

A

especially for bone loss situations like in osteoporosis because forces on bone from muscle can stimulate bone growth and minimize/prevent bone loss

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17
Q

what 3 areas support the theory that master growth centers control development?

A

Sutures, Condyles, and Synchondroses

**this was proven untrue. “It is clear now that sutures, and the periosteal tissues more generally, are not primary determinants of craniofacial growth”

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18
Q

Why is the master growth center theory incorrect?

A

because growth at the sutures would occur largely independently of the environment

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19
Q

what growth process relies on production of new bone cells to be recruited into bone fronts, while ensuring the cells within a suture remain undifferentiated?

A

growth at sutures

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20
Q

how is sutural growth different than endochondral growth?

A

endochondral growth has chondrocyte hypertrophy, sutures do NOT have intrinsic growth potential

**sutures produce new bone at the sutural edges of the bone fronts in response to external stimuli

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21
Q

what is unique about synchondrosal growth?

A

independent growth potential and are comparable to epiphyseal plates

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22
Q

why is synchondroses being genetically coded important?

A

it dictates craniofacial growth and that it will develop even in the absence of functional activity

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23
Q

what is a growth site?

A

simply a location where growth occurs

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24
Q

what is a growth center?

A

a location where independent growth occurs regardless of what adjacent structures do

**genetically controlled

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25
Q

what 2 growth sites are in the craniofacial complex?

A

1-sutures

2-condyles

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26
Q

what growth center is part of the craniofacial complex?

A

synchondroses

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27
Q

T/F Primary and secondary cartilages differ in embryonic origin and in histological organization, and are generally considered to have a different mode of growth

A

True

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28
Q

what does primary cartilage react to?

A

systemic growth stimuli such as hormones

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29
Q

what does secondary cartilage react to?

A

follows overall stimuli after additional modulation by local growth factors

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30
Q

growth centers contain what type of cartilage?

A

primary

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31
Q

growth sites contain waht type of cartilage?

A

secondary

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32
Q

is the nasal septum a growth center or growth site?

A

center

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33
Q

What significant role does the nasal septum play in craniofacial growth and development?

A

displaces the maxilla downward and forward

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34
Q

growth can refer to both size and?

A

any general change

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35
Q

what word means an increasing degree of organization, complexity or specialization?

A

development

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36
Q

the concept of pattern refers to what 2 things?

A

1- a set of proportional relationships at a point in time

2-change of these proportional relationships over time

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37
Q

in the third month in utero, the head takes up how much body length?

A

50%

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38
Q

what part of the body shows the most growth during post natal development?

A

lower limbs followed by upper

*reflects cephalocaudal gradient growth

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39
Q

based on cephalocaudal growth (growing at the top down) what part of the face develops last?

A

mandible tends to grow more later in life

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40
Q

why are growth charts showing percentiles better than classifying someone with normal or abnormal growth?

A

people and body parts grow and develop in a range of times

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41
Q

what is the average peak growth for girls and boys?

A

girls 12

boys 14

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42
Q

general rule for growth spurt and height?

A

the earlier the growth spurt the shorter the duration of growth will be

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43
Q

Hypertrophy

A

– Is an increase in the size of individual cells

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44
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Is an increase in the number of cells.

*prominent feature of all forms of growth

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45
Q

Cells Secrete extracellular material

A

contribution to an increase in size independent of the number or size of the cells themselves

46
Q

by what method does soft tissues grow?

A

hyperplasia and hypertrophy

interstitial growth

47
Q

what is interstitial growth?

A

growth can occur at all points

48
Q

how does appositional growth occur?

A

by the recruitment of fresh cells and adds new matrix to the surface

**cartilage does this

49
Q

is interstitial growth possible when mineralization takes place for hard tissue to be formed?

A

no

50
Q

in mineralized tissues, where can hyperplasia, hypertrophy and secretion of extracellular material occur?

A

only at the surface

51
Q

Why is interstitial growth a prominent aspect of overall skeletal growth?

A

because a major portion of the skeletal system is originally modeled in cartilage

52
Q

T/F Cartilage is a nearly avascular tissue whose internal cells are supplied by diffusion through the outer layers.

A

True

53
Q

the chondrocranium develops from what three pairs of cartilaginous precursors?

A

1-The Ethmoid prechordal cartilages)
2-The Sphenoid hypophyseal cartilages
3-The Occipital parachordal cartilages

54
Q

T/F bone is sometimes formed as a primary tissue

A

False- Never

55
Q

The bones of the chondrocranium are preformed in cartilage and ossify . this is called?

A

endochondral ossification

56
Q

what what month does the chondrocranium require a blood supply?

A

month 4

57
Q

what are the areas in the chondrocranium with an in growth of blood vascular elements called?

A

they become centers of ossification

**this is when/where cartilage is transformed into bone

58
Q

endochondral ossification uses what kind of cartilage to ossify?

A

Hyaline cartilage

**cartilage cells are replaced with bone

59
Q

what 3 bones are formed by endochondral ossification?

A

1-long bones
2- short bones
3- cranial base (ethmoid, sphenoid, and occipital bone)

60
Q

what is the shaft of a long bone called?

A

diaphysis

61
Q

what is the cap or end of a long bone called?

A

epiphysis

62
Q

what is between the diaphysis and epiphysis?

A

Epiphyseal cartilage

**AKA growth plate that is uncalcified

63
Q

when does the Epiphyseal plate disappear?

A

When the rate of maturating cartilage cells exceeds their proliferation

*when proliferation rate is higher, there is growth

64
Q

what part of the long bone continues to change after the epiphyseal plate has disappeared?

A

the periosteum

65
Q

the embryonic development of flat bones from an embryonic tissue called the mesenchyme is known as what?

A

Intramembranous ossification

66
Q

what two things does mesenchym differentiate into?

A

fibrous membrane

cartilage

67
Q

Intramembranous ossification is also responsible or what 2 things?

A

1-natural healing of bone fractures

2- bone formation within the periosteum

68
Q

where does intramembranous ossification take place?

A

in membranes of connective tissue

69
Q

in intramembranous ossification what undergoes ossification?

A

collagen (NOT cartilage)

70
Q

in intramembranous ossification when osteoid is continually laid around blood vessels trabeculae are formed around them. what does this form?

A

spongy bone

71
Q

in intramembranous ossification how is compact bone formed?

A

Trabeculae thickens and continues to lay osteoid

72
Q

what 5 ares use intramembranous ossification?

A 
1-maxilla
2-cranial vault
3- zygomatic
4-temporal
5- most of the mandible
73
Q

what type of growth must intramembranous bone use?

A

appositional at the free surfaces

74
Q

What are the only two ways intramembranous bone can change its shape?

A

resorption and apposition

75
Q

when does the most cranial growth occur?

A

before age 5

76
Q

the bones that cover the upper and outer surface of the brain
is considered?

A

the cranial vault

77
Q

, the bony floor under the brain, which also is the dividing line between the cranium and the face is considered?

A

the cranial base

78
Q

____________ is made up of the nose, maxilla, and associated small bones

A

the nasomaxillary complex

79
Q

the cranial vault grows by what means?

A

appositional growth and resorption of the periosteum

**intramembranous ossification

80
Q

T/F there is cartilage on the surface of the bones in the cranial vault?

A

False

81
Q

what are the major sites of bone expansion in the cranial vault?

A

the sutures

82
Q

are the cranial sutures growth sites or centers?

A

sites

*unossified state, and allow new bone to be formed at the edges of the approximating bone fronts.

83
Q

what are the “soft spots” called on cranium?

A

fontanelles

84
Q

how does the formation of the cranial base differ from the vault?

A

the cranial base are formed initially in cartilage and are later transformed by endochondral ossification into bone.

85
Q

what region of the skull is the first to reach adult size?

A

The cranial base

86
Q

the cranial base has synchondroses that act as growth centers or sites?

A

centers

87
Q

what makes synchondroses like a double sided growth plate?

A

the center facilitates hyperplasia and the maturing cartilage extends in both directions

**growth on either side is NOT symmetrical

88
Q

the maxilla develops using what type of ossification?

A

intramembranous

**no primary cartiage

89
Q

where is the center for ossification in the maxilla?

A

the angle between the anterosuperior alveolar nerve and the inferior orbital nerve

90
Q

because of the center of ossification, the maxilla grows in what directions?

A

Posteriorly, anteriorly, superiorly

91
Q

in the cranial vault surface remodeling is ___________, and in the maxilla it is ____________

A

minimal, dramatic

92
Q

the growth pattern of the maxilla requires it grows mainly in what 2 directions?

A

down and forward

**maxilla is attached to the anterior end of the cranial base and so lengthening of the cranial base pushes the maxilla forward

93
Q

what important aspect of maxillary growth occurs at around age 7?

A

cranial base growth stops, and then sutural growth is the only mechanism for bringing the maxilla forward, which is accomplished by growth of the soft tissue.

94
Q

the maxilla grows downward and forward by removing bone where?

A

on the anterior surface

95
Q

The palatal vault is carried downward and forward along with the rest of the maxilla but at the same time, bone is removed on the ___________ side and added on the ___________ side,

A

Nasal, oral

96
Q

the two halves of the maxilla are joined by what?

A

intermaxillary suture

**when growing it contains cartilage

97
Q

how do palate expanders work?

A

they separate the intermaxillary suture

98
Q

does the mandible replace meckel’s cartilage?

A

NO! , the development of the mandible begins as a condensation of mesenchyme just lateral to Meckel’s cartilage

*intramembranous bone formaton

99
Q

The mandibular symphysis is what?

A

where left and right sides of mandible meet.

*as the bone plate lateral to meckel’s cartilage extends toward the midline, eventually the halves meet.

100
Q

what produces the development of the alveolar process?

A

continued bone formation that surrounds the tooth germ

101
Q

what develops by a rapid spread of ossification posteriorly into the mesenchyme turning away from Meckel’s cartilage

A

the ramus of the mandible

102
Q

Remnants of disintegrated meckel’s cartilage end up where?

A

middle ear

103
Q

is condylar cartilage completely replaced by bone?

A

No. the upper end purists through adulthood as a growth cartilage and then as articular cartilage

104
Q

when does condylar growth rate increase?

A

ages 12-14

*growth is done by 20

105
Q

what are the three secondary mandibular cartilages?

A

1- condylar cartilage-largest
2-coronoid disappears before birth
3-symphyseal cartilage- between ends of Meckle’s cart.

106
Q

the symphyseal cartilage replaced early or late in life?

A

early. within year 1

107
Q

growth of the cranium occurs almost entirely in response to what?

A

the brain

108
Q

the growth of hte cranial base is primary a result of what?

A

endochondral growth and bony replacement at the synchondroses

109
Q

T/F Growth of the maxilla and its associated structures occurs from a combination of growth at sutures and through direct remodeling of the surfaces of the bone

A

True

110
Q

Growth of the mandible occurs by both __________ proliferation at the condyle and by apposition and resorption of bone at the ___________

A

endochondral, bony surfaces

111
Q

what two areas of the mandible have endochondral ossification?

A

1-Coronoid cartilage as it is incorporated into the expading intramembranous bone of ramus
2-condylar cartilage is it fuses with ramus

Pedo/Ortho (5 decks)

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