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Sociology (Mir) AS > concepts of culture > Flashcards

concepts of culture Flashcards

Types of culture + subcultures

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define culture?

A

The beliefs, ways and acts that are followed by a group of people.

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2
Q

Define ageism

A

Stereotyping and discriminating against individuals of groups on the basis of their ages

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3
Q

Different types of subvultures:

A

Youth subcultures
religious subcultures
lesiure subcultures
deviant subcultures

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4
Q

According to Durkheim, how was culture in pre - industrial societies?

A

Function of social institutions was to socialise individuals.
Relgion had a strong impact on individual behaviour
People went along with what society demands, which led to social solidarity.

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5
Q

How was culture in modern societies?

A

Industrial societies were more compex.

More experiences + choices came about, people became less like each other which casued conflict (ANOMIE)

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6
Q

Critcisms of Durkheim?

A
  • Inerpretivists sociologists: sees people as less important than society + culture.
  • Exaggerates to whoch degree culture is shared in countries
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7
Q

Whats the functionalist appraoch of subcultures:

A
  • Eisenstadt, Parsons + Baker~ youth subcultures emerge as a way of dealing with status fustration, that arisies from childhood to adulthood.
  • Youth culture makes young people practice independance + form their own identity.
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8
Q

Criticsims of funtionalists:

A

Doesnt explain the subculture styles such as: class, gender, ethnic differences, sexism, crime + anti social behaviour

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9
Q

Marxists approach of subcultures:

A
  • Try explain the difference in style in terms of social class positions.
  • Hall + Jefferson~ saw youth styles such as skinheads, as a form of resitance to ruling class.
  • Cohen~ saw w/c suncultures arising, as a means re-establishing a sense of community
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10
Q

Criticsms of Marxists:

A
  • Cohen~ suggests youth suncultures are not created by factors such as ethnicity, gender…
  • They dont pay attention/study working class, minority ethnic groups who arent in suncultures
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11
Q

Role of culture according to Feminism?

A
  • Culture plays an important role in the sunordination of women to the interests of men.
  • Sharpe~ maintains differences in child socialisation to generate masculine/feminine cultural identites
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12
Q

Functionalist perspective of culture:

A
  • Durkheim~ society + culture are more important that individuals.
  • society members are united by value consensus.
  • Durkheim~ saw culture as the cement that bonds the individuals together.
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13
Q

Marxists persepctive on culture:

A
  • Capitalist society are characterised by wealth, power and income.
  • Bourgeosie use their wealth to gain political + cultural value
  • Ideas of people are completely dominated by ruling class.
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14
Q

Neo Marxists perspective on culture:

A
  • Believe diff social classes have diff levels of class consiousness.
  • We do have some control over the population.
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15
Q

Feminist perspective on culture:

A
  • Culture is dominated by men mostly.
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16
Q

Interactionist perspective on culture:

A
  • Looks at individuals rather than wider society
  • Believes ypur behaviour reflects on how people react to it
  • Cultures based on “I, me + self”
  • Believes that theres potential for individuals to change culture of society by acting different
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17
Q

Post Modernist perspective on culture:

A
  • Differences between different cultures no longer apply

- Some types of culture are no longer are automatically seen as supreior to other types

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18
Q

Criticism of functionalist perspective on culture:

A
  • Exaggerates cultural consesnus

- Little acknowlegment that people play an active role in shaping culture

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19
Q

Critcism of Marxists perspective on culture:

A
  • Overemphasises social class as the main reason for conflict in modern societies
  • Assumes that w/c are passive victms of ruling class ideology
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20
Q

Criticisms of interactionist perspective on culture:

A
  • Neglects wider structres of society

- Neglects class and gender inequalities and differences in power

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21
Q

Criticism of post modernists perspective on culture:

A
  • Social divisions ush as class, ethnic and age have not disappeared and still influence cultures and identities
22
Q

Define mass culture:

A

A value laden term which is used in a negative way to describe the cultural tastes od w/c.

23
Q

What 2 groups discuss mass culture?

A
  • Marxists

- Frankfurt school

24
Q

What do marxists suggest about mass culture?

A
  • Mass economic production led to the developments of mass society. This was caused by the breakdown of neighbourhoods as people moved from their traditional communities in search of work.
  • Mass media became important
  • Production of culture is more centralised
  • Culture industries exist within a capitalist system to make profit.
25
Q

Frankfurt school suggestion about mass culture?

A
  • Was critical of mass culturre as its centralised to capitalist society.
  • Mass culture include sources for profit for the owners + create false needs foe w/c (such as adverts)
  • Its negative for w/c as it gives a one dimensional way of society + stops them thinking about important political issues.
  • W/c feel the need to appeal to mass culture, so cultural forms are simplified and dumbs down culture
26
Q

What did Adorno suggest?

A
  • Was part of the Frankfurt school
  • Criticised popular culture as it offered w/c easy pleasure + simplifies music. Stops people from appreciating complex music forms
  • Cultural commodity~ via mass media, w/c accept life is an unfair social system
27
Q

Define popular culture:

A

Its commercially produced and reflects normas, values that make up everyday lives of majority people in society.

Its the culture of w/c

28
Q

Who discusses popular culture?

A
  • Gramsci, Clarke et al, Stuart Hall

- Center for contemporary cu;tural studies (CCCS)

29
Q

What do CCCS + neo marxists suggest about popular culture?

A
  • The young werent passive + challenged mainstream ideas

- Analysed lives + culture of ordinary people and how class, gender + ethnicity influenced youth and youth subcultures

30
Q

What does Hall et al say about popular culture?

A
  • Concept of cultural resistance was used to understand how youth subcultures did not passively accept the idea that capitlism is good,
  • Researched mods, punks and rockers. Found clothing of punks can be seen as a rejection of commercial fashion.
31
Q

What does Clark et al suggest about popular culture?

A
  • Analysed skinhead subculture
  • Clothing of skinheads (doc marten boots) can be seen as an attempt to recapture w/c aspirations.
  • Smart suits of Mods can be seen as expressing w/c aspirations to become m/c
32
Q

Gramscis suggestion about popular culture:

A

Hegemony - ruling class will attempt to make ideas that bemefit them, accepted by all.

  • Gramsci ~ always pockets of resistance to ruling class hegemony
  • Youth subcultures can be seen as a form of resistance
33
Q

Postmodernists view of popular culture:

A
  • More consumption of oppurtunities, makes it more device

- The boundary between high + popular culture has bluured (strinati)

34
Q

Giddings suggestion about popular culture:

A
  • Line between mass + popular culture are similar
35
Q

Livingstones suggestion about popular culture:

A
  • Soap operas (eastenders) are educating + informing about contreversial social issues
  • Raise issues which rarely get aired in public such as rape.
  • Promotes public discussions that may not have happened
36
Q

Strinati suggestions about popular culture:

A
  • Doesnt accept that there is a single mass culture, which people pasively consume
37
Q

Storey suggestion about popular culture:

A
  • A change that came about is that members of the dominant class arent consuming high culture, but now consume what they preiviously dismissed, seeing it as mass culture
  • (Bansky) is a street artist but his work on popular culture is bought by higher social classes
38
Q

Define global culture:

A
  • Cultural products , norms, values + attitudes from different countries becoming more alike (tourism)
39
Q

Whats the role of globalization?

A
  • Undermines national + local culture
  • Emerged global culture
  • Broke down cultural resistance between coutries
  • People can choose how to form their own identity
40
Q

Ritzers suggestions about global culture + its impact on people?

A
  • uses example of American food brands that now operate on a global scale
  • Promotes a global standardised culture + consumer lifestyles.
  • Weakens local cultures
  • People can experience same cultural + consumer products + form their identities and view of their world
41
Q

Define homogenization?

A
  • Process of cultures of different countries becoming more alike + merging into one uniform culture
42
Q

2 strengths of global culture:

A
  • People can acces same thing + form their own identity

- W/c + mass culture has now a blurred line from high culture

43
Q

2 weaknesses of global culture:

A
  • Traditional folk culture is decreasing

- Asumes everyone will follow global culture and wont have a strong affect on everyday lives

44
Q

Define High Culture:

A
  • Cultural creations that have particular high status
45
Q

Who talks about high culture?

A
  • Haralambos + Holborn
46
Q

What does high culture include?

A
  • Usually seen as supreior to other forms of culture, however this is contreversial.
  • Examples: Shakespeare, ballet, opera + usually established historically.
  • High culture is an important part of idenity of economic + political elite in the UK.
47
Q

Define folk culture:

A
  • Traditional cultural products + activities that originate with ordinary people, root from pre industrial society
48
Q

What does folk culture include:

A
  • Culture normally passed down by generations or by mouth

- Claim to tell authentic stories about real lives + experiences

49
Q

Define low culture:

A
  • Refers to culture of low ranked groups with little power and status.
50
Q

What are forms of low culture?

A
  • Mass culture

- Folk culture (see more positive than low culture)

Sociology (Mir) AS (3 decks)

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