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concepts needed to study Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an element

A

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

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2
Q

What is an atom

A

The smallest particle of an element that still has the properties of that element

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3
Q

What is an isotope

A

atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons (same number of p+)

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

What is a compound

A

A substance that is composed of two or more different chemically bonded elements

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6
Q

What is a covalent bond

A

two (or more) electrons are shared between two nonmetal atoms

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7
Q

What is a molecule? How is a molecule different from a compound?

A

A group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.

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8
Q

What is an ion

A

An atom or group of atoms that gains or loses electrons and has an electrical charge

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9
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

the attractive force between two ions of opposite charge

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10
Q

An ionic bond occurs between what two types of elements?

A

Occurs between metal and nonmetals

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11
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

Chemical reactions occur when bonds are formed or broken causing substances to recombine into different substances.

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12
Q

Why do you have to balance chemical equations?

A

law of conservation of mass

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13
Q

What is a mixture?

A

a combination of two or more pure substances in which each pure substance retains its individual chemical properties

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14
Q

What is a solution?

A

mixture in which one or more substances(solutes) are distributed evenly in another substance (solvent)

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15
Q

What are the two types of mixtures?

A

homogeneous and heterogeneous

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16
Q

What are the two parts to a solution?

A

solute and solvent

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17
Q

What is an acid?

A

only substance that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in water

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18
Q

What is a base?

A

only substance that forms hydroxide (OH-) ions water

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19
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

biological catalyst

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20
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The reactant that an enzyme acts on

21
Q

What is the activation energy?

A

the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction?

22
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction

23
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme?

A

complimentary shape on enzyme where substrate binds

24
Q

What are the five unique properties of water?

A
  1. Water is Polar,
  2. Water is an excelent solvent,
  3. Water has high heat capacity,
  4. Water has high heat of evaporation,
  5. Water has cohesive and adhesive porerties,
  6. Water is less dense as a solid then as a liquid.
25
Q

What does it mean to be a polar molecule

A

a molecule with an uneven distribution of charge (positive end and negative end)

26
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

attraction of opposite charges between hydrogen and oxygen

forms a weak bond

27
Q

What is capillary action?

A

Because of polarity, water has a unique property of being able to creep up thin tubes

28
Q

What is surface tension?

A

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

29
Q

What is cohesion and adhesion?

A

Water molecules can attract other water molecules (cohesion)

creep up thin tubes - called capillary action (adhesion)

30
Q

How is water like an insulator?

A

Water is a like an insulator that helps
maintain a steady environment when
conditions fluctuate

– Helps maintain cell homeostasis

31
Q

Why is it important that water expands when it freezes?

A

It will float and form ice layer on top of water which will insulate water below and help keep it in liquid state.

If water did not expand when freezing, then it would be denser than liquid water when it froze; therefore it would sink and fill lakes or the ocean from bottom to top. Life there would not be possible.

32
Q

What is an isomer?

A

compounds that have the same chemical formula but different three- dimensional structures

33
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Polymer can be broken down by hydrolysis (addition of H+ and -OH groups from water attach to bonds between sub units)

34
Q

What is dehydration (condensation) synthesis?

A

Many polymers are formed by a process called condensation or dehydration synthesis (removal of a H+ and -OH group to form a water)

35
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

biomolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with a ratio of about two H atoms and one O atom for every C atom

36
Q

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharide; glucose, fructose, galactose

37
Q

What are some examples of polysaccharides? What are their functions?

A
  • Starch - energy storage by plants and food reservoirs in seeds and bulbs
  • Glycogen - form of energy stored in the liver of mammals
  • Cellulose - forms cell walls of plants and gives structural support

All three of these use glucose subunits

38
Q

What is a lipid?

A

large biomolecules that are made mostly of C and H with a small amount of oxygen

  • Monomer = fatty acid; glycerol
  • Polymer = triglyceride; cholesterol; phospholipid
39
Q

Why are lipids insoluble in water?

A

Insoluble in water because their molecules are nonpolar and are not attracted by water molecules

40
Q

What is the function of a lipid?

A
  • Insulation
  • Long term storage of energy
  • Phospholipid bilayer
41
Q

What is a protein?

A

large, complex polymer composed of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S

  • Monomer: amino acid
  • Polymer: enzyme, muscle
42
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

amino acids

43
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

44
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

covalent bond between two amino acids

45
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

46
Q

What is a nucleic acid?

A

complex biomolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code

47
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

small subunits that compose the polymers of nucleic acids

48
Q

What are the five different nucleotides?

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil

49
Q

What are the three parts that make up the nucleotides?

A
  1. A five carbon sugar
  2. A nitrogen (N) base
  3. A phosphate group

Biology (3 decks)

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