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PS3038 Perception > Concepts & Methods > Flashcards

Concepts & Methods Flashcards

1
Q

Very briefly, what is perception?

A

The formation of representations.

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2
Q

What do illusions allow us to study?

A

The limits of perceptual processing and the construction of a perceptual world from outside evidence and internal knowledge.

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3
Q

What is analogue representation?

A

Magnitudes in one system map into analogous magnitude in another system.

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4
Q

What is symbolic representation?

A

Discrete symbols in one system denote states in another system.

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5
Q

What is computation?

A

Manipulation of symbols according to a set of rules.

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6
Q

What is representation?

A

The state of a physical system corresponds to the state on another physical system.

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7
Q

What is studied to help us understand how we represent the world?

A

What brain areas do and how information is combined and used to create a perceptual world.

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8
Q

Describe the ‘Two visual systems hypothesis.’

A

Extra-striate areas split into a pair of anatomically (and possibly functionally) distinct pathways.

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9
Q

What is the dorsal processing pathway associated with?

A

Motion, direction and location.

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10
Q

What is the ventral processing pathway associated with?

A

Colours, detail and objects.

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11
Q

Which brain area is associated with the dorsal pathway?

A

Posterior parietal cortex.

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12
Q

Which brain area is associated with the ventral pathway?

A

Occipito-temporal cortex.

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13
Q

In relation to modularity, what is V1 associated with?

A

Edges.

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14
Q

In relation to modularity, what is V4 associated with?

A

Colour.

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15
Q

In relation to modularity, what is V5 associated with?

A

Motion.

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16
Q

Briefly, how does fMRI work?

A

Head surrounded by magnetic detectors, tiny changes in blood oxygen level detected, learn about neural function.

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17
Q

Briefly, how does electrophysiology work?

A

Electrodes are used to record directly from single cells or regions near cells.

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18
Q

Briefly, how does transcranial magnetic stimulation work?

A

Temporality reduces brain function by inducing a large, localised magnetic field.

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19
Q

Why are various techniques used to study perception?

A

To understand how, why and where the brain is able to perform the hugely complex processing involved in perception.

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20
Q

What is modularity?

A

Different visual functions are computed in different brain areas.

21
Q

What 2 key things does psychophysics study?

A

How physical stimuli are related to perceptual phenomena, and the lawful relationships between these.

22
Q

What 3 relationships did Fechner want to investigate?

A

Physical stimuli and subjective precepts, world events and personal experiences, and physics and mind.

23
Q

Describe the method of adjustment.

A

Observers adjust intensity until a circle is just seen.

24
Q

Describe the threshold in the method of adjustment.

A

The average increment.

25
Q

Give an advantage of the method of adjustment.

A

Quick and easy.

26
Q

Give a disadvantage of the method of adjustment.

A

Thresholds are variable due to peoples’ different criteria.

27
Q

Describe the method of limits.

A

Test starts high and intensity is reduced reduced until perceived as not brighter, alternated with starting low and increasing intensity until perceived as brighter.

28
Q

Describe the threshold in the method of limits.

A

Average of transition points.

29
Q

Give an advantage of the method of limits.

A

Fast.

30
Q

Give 3 disadvantages of the method of limits.

A

Incremental change can be predictable and create bias, participants can habituate and get used to giving a particular response, and people set their own criteria.

31
Q

Describe the method of limits with a staircase.

A

Incremental changes until response changes, then direction of increment is changed, until intensity approaches a threshold value.

32
Q

Describe the threshold in the method of limits with a staircase.

A

The average of the last 5 or 6 reversals.

33
Q

Give 2 advantages of the method of limits with a staircase.

A

Fast, and bias and habituation can be corrected by interleaving staircases.

34
Q

Give 3 disadvantages of the method of limits with a staircase.

A

People set their own criteria, habituation and incremental changes can be predictable.

35
Q

Describe the method of constant stimuli.

A

Experimenter chooses a fixer number of stimuli of different intensities, each is presented a fixed number of times, and he observe is asked whether they see it or not (yes/no).

36
Q

Describe the threshold in the method of constant stimuli.

A

Stimulus intensity at a fixed point (often 75% yes).

37
Q

Give an advantage of the method of constant stimuli.

A

Thresholds are often very stable as each observer sees the same stimulus set.

38
Q

Give a disadvantage of the method of constant stimuli.

A

Many responses are required as when it’s easy people say yes so much.

39
Q

What is detectability?

A

The relationship between intensity of a stimulus and the probability it will evoke an experience.

40
Q

What is a detection threshold?

A

The minimum stimulation required to ‘just perceive’ a stimulus.

41
Q

What is a discrimination threshold?

A

Smallest difference between 2 stimuli needed to detect them as different from each other.

42
Q

What is the point of subjective equality?

A

Where participants perceive 2 stimuli as the ‘same’ and are responding by chance.

43
Q

What is the just noticeable difference?

A

The smallest difference between 2 stimuli that can be ‘reliably’ discriminated.

44
Q

What is the Y-axis for detection experiments?

A

50 - 100%

45
Q

What is the Y-axis for discrimination experiments?

A

0 - 100%

46
Q

Give the formula for Weber’s law.

A

JND/length = k

47
Q

What can 2AFC techniques use PSE and JND to investigate?

A

The bias and variability that makes simple visual proprieties change over space.

48
Q

What measures accuracy/bias?

A

PSE.

49
Q

What measures precision/variability.

A

JND.

PS3038 Perception (5 decks)

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