Concepts (introductory) Flashcards
Fate mapping
Connect through the ______ layers
fibronectin
Vegetal pole will give rise to ________
endoderm
mesoderm:________
marginal layer cells
_________ not fixed population of cells, rather it is a cellular wave made up of continually changing population of cells that pass through during gastrulation
Dorsal lip
Niuewkoop and Experiments in the 60s
_______ fragments give rise to different tissue in culture
dissected blastula
Niuewkoop and Experiments in the 60s
(A.) dissected blastula fragments
animal cap cells give rise to ______
ectoderm
Niuewkoop and Experiments in the 60s
(A.) dissected blastula fragments
marginal cells give rise to ______
mesoderm
Niuewkoop and Experiments in the 60s
(A.) dissected blastula fragments
vegetal cells give rise to ______
endoderm
Niuewkoop and Experiments in the 60s
(B.) Animal and vegetal fragments give _______
mesoderm
Niuewkoop and Experiments in the 60s
(B.) Animal and vegetal fragments give mesoderm
_______ is converted to mesoderm by factors released from vegetal cells
animal cap
Niuewkoop and Experiments in the 60s
_________does not exist in the early blastula, but is induced at the equatorial region by an inductive interaction between the vegetal cells and animal cells
mesoderm fate
Niuewkoop and Experiments in the 60s
mesoderm fate is induced in the ______ area
-interaction of animal and vegetal pole cells
marginal area
Niuewkoop and Experiments in the 60s
- interaction of animal and vegetal pole cells
______: blue, will form because they will not receive the signals to become the mesoderm
ectoderm
Nieuwkoop and Nakamura in Experiments in the 60s
ectoderm will form because _________
they will not receive the signals to become the mesoderm
Nieuwkoop and Nakamura in Experiments in the 60s
the signals for forming ectoderm are from______
vegetal pole cells
Dale and Slack
Combining Experiment of 32 cell stage Frog Blastula
cells in between are also determined to become the _____
dorsal and ventral mesoderm
Dale and Slack
Combining Experiment of 32 cell stage Frog Blastula
______ is the opposite of sperm entry
dorsal mesoderm
Dale and Slack
Combining Experiment of 32 cell stage Frog Blastula
cells mesodermal in nature will differentiate into _______
(different ang mesodermal cells formed sa ventral at sa dorsal)
mesodermal cells
Dale and Slack
Combining Experiment of 32 cell stage Frog Blastula
dorsalmost cells of the vegetal pole, if incubated with ectoderm: dorsal mesodermal structures: ________
(no ventral mesodermal structure
notochord
Dale and Slack
Combining Experiment of 32 cell stage Frog Blastula
true or false
the further away from the dorsal side, the more dorsal structures are generated
False (less are generated)
Dale and Slack
Combining Experiment of 32 cell stage Frog Blastula
_______: associated with notochord
dorsal mesoderm
Dale and Slack
Combining Experiment of 32 cell stage Frog Blastula
_______: associated with the heart, cardiovascular
Ventral mesoderm
Dale and Slack
Combining Experiment of 32 cell stage Frog Blastula
Lateral: ______; etc
kidneys
Dale and Slack (more experiments)
true or false
the dorsal-most vegetal cells had the greatest ability to induce dorsal mesoderm, while the ventral-most vegetal cell had the least ability to induce ventral mesoderm
False (both had greatest ability)
Dale and Slack (more experiments)
even at very early stage, the vegetal cells must be secreting a _______ signal
mesoderm-inducing
Dale and Slack (more experiments)
they suggested a _________ in dorsal mesoderm inductive ability.
dorsal to ventral gradient
Dale and Slack (more experiments)
the dorsal-most vegetal cells that induced dorsal mesoderm (the primary organizer) was named the _______ center in honor of the developmental biologist _______
Nieuwkoop
Nieuwkoop center: __________; nanggagaling sa kanila ang signals that will convert the mesoderm cell above it into ________
endodermal cells, dorsal mesoderm
Dale and Slack (more experiments)
what are the molecular inducers of mesoderm formation?
from dorsal-most cells:_______
dorsal mesoderm cells
Dale and Slack (more experiments)
what are the molecular inducers of mesoderm formation?
_______: overlap of the presence of TGF-Beta signal and Beta-catenin accumulation
N. center
Dale and Slack (more experiments)
what are the molecular inducers of mesoderm formation?
The dorsal side is distinguished molecularly: presence of _______
Beta-catenin
Dale and Slack (more experiments)
what are the molecular inducers of mesoderm formation?
Ventral side: ________: mesodermalizing gene
siamois gene
Ventral side: siamois gene; mesodermalizing gene
silent: ______ (silences them)
Tcf-3
Dorsal side: siamois gene
_______: activate the gene
Beta-catenin
_________: act as transcription factor the will help produce goosecoid gene
Siamois protein
siamois protein: act as transcription factor the will help produce ______
goosecoid gene
it is believed to be the determinant of organizer function. there may be some homology between fly and vertebrate goosecoid function
Goosecoid
what are the properties of organizer tissue
- ability to become dorsal mesoderm
- ability to convert surrounding mesoderm into lateral mesoderm
- ability to dorsalize the ectoderm into neural ectoderm
- ability to initiate movements of gastrulation
- ability to induce neurulation
(bcdii)
Beta-catenin locate at _______ side to perform its function
dorsal side
________: natural inactivator of Beta-catenin
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 (GSK-3)
________:upstream; inhibitor or GSK- 3
Disheveled (Dsh) proteins
During _______: Dsh undergoes radical rearrangement; goes to dorsal side
cortical rotation
Inhibition of _______ leads to activatipn of Beta-catenin
GSK-3
why is GSK-3 inhibition important which leads to activation of Beta- catenin?
Beta-catenin is a determinant of dorsal mesodermal cell: important because dorsal mesodermal cells become the chordamesoderm that will become the primary organizer
In Xenopus, _______ and ____ (found in the endodermal area) act synergistically with Beta- catenin to activate a gradient of Xnr proteins across the endoderm, highest dorsally.
VegT and Vg1
Xnr proteins: ______ ______ ______; concentration gradient in the endoderm
Highest Xnr in the _______ area: overlap of VegT, Vg1 and Beta-catenin
Xenopus nodal related proteins, dorsal area
Ventral mesoderm expresses _______ and ______
BMP4 and Xwnt-8
BMP-4: ____________; found in the bone first
Bone morphogenetic protein
Xwnt-8 : _________
Xenopus wingless
______ represses BMP-4 and Xwnt-8 are expressed in a ________
High Xnr, ventral to dorsal gradient
How is the Xnr activated?
synergistic relationship with Beta-catenin and VegT and Vg1
neurulation as induced by chordamesoderm
- very specific order of involution of cells
- or the mesoderm locates itself under the _____
animal pole
if chordamesoderm already underlying the ectoderm, chordamesoderm will differentiate into the _______
notochord
Chordamesoderm
- now starts to change in shape: become cuboidal than columnar
-will form the neural plate than tube
-in between the ectoderm that forms the epidermis and the ectoderm that forms the neural plate is the layer of cells that will form the neural crest
True
_____: form from the margin, formed separately
mesoderm
______: also; will have very different fate that’s why formed separately; very mesenchymal
neural crest
Choramesoderm
-Schwann cells
- pigment cells
- parts of the adrenal medulla
- nerves of sympathetic nervous system
- chordamesoderm when it underlies the ectoderm, transforms by induction
True
during gastrulation, cells are placed in new neighborhoods to interact with each other to interact in a new way
-chordamesoderm: brings about neurulation
True
