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Mesoderm Formation and Neurulation > Concepts (introductory) > Flashcards

Concepts (introductory) Flashcards

1
Q

Fate mapping
Connect through the ______ layers

A

fibronectin

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2
Q

Vegetal pole will give rise to ________

A

endoderm

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3
Q

mesoderm:________

A

marginal layer cells

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4
Q

_________ not fixed population of cells, rather it is a cellular wave made up of continually changing population of cells that pass through during gastrulation

A

Dorsal lip

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5
Q

Niuewkoop and Experiments in the 60s

_______ fragments give rise to different tissue in culture

A

dissected blastula

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6
Q

Niuewkoop and Experiments in the 60s
(A.) dissected blastula fragments
animal cap cells give rise to ______

A

ectoderm

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7
Q

Niuewkoop and Experiments in the 60s

(A.) dissected blastula fragments
marginal cells give rise to ______

A

mesoderm

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8
Q

Niuewkoop and Experiments in the 60s

(A.) dissected blastula fragments
vegetal cells give rise to ______

A

endoderm

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9
Q

Niuewkoop and Experiments in the 60s

(B.) Animal and vegetal fragments give _______

A

mesoderm

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10
Q

Niuewkoop and Experiments in the 60s

(B.) Animal and vegetal fragments give mesoderm

_______ is converted to mesoderm by factors released from vegetal cells

A

animal cap

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11
Q

Niuewkoop and Experiments in the 60s

_________does not exist in the early blastula, but is induced at the equatorial region by an inductive interaction between the vegetal cells and animal cells

A

mesoderm fate

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12
Q

Niuewkoop and Experiments in the 60s

mesoderm fate is induced in the ______ area

-interaction of animal and vegetal pole cells

A

marginal area

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13
Q

Niuewkoop and Experiments in the 60s

  • interaction of animal and vegetal pole cells

______: blue, will form because they will not receive the signals to become the mesoderm

A

ectoderm

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14
Q

Nieuwkoop and Nakamura in Experiments in the 60s

ectoderm will form because _________

A

they will not receive the signals to become the mesoderm

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15
Q

Nieuwkoop and Nakamura in Experiments in the 60s

the signals for forming ectoderm are from______

A

vegetal pole cells

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16
Q

Dale and Slack
Combining Experiment of 32 cell stage Frog Blastula

cells in between are also determined to become the _____

A

dorsal and ventral mesoderm

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17
Q

Dale and Slack
Combining Experiment of 32 cell stage Frog Blastula

______ is the opposite of sperm entry

A

dorsal mesoderm

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18
Q

Dale and Slack
Combining Experiment of 32 cell stage Frog Blastula

cells mesodermal in nature will differentiate into _______
(different ang mesodermal cells formed sa ventral at sa dorsal)

A

mesodermal cells

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19
Q

Dale and Slack
Combining Experiment of 32 cell stage Frog Blastula

dorsalmost cells of the vegetal pole, if incubated with ectoderm: dorsal mesodermal structures: ________

(no ventral mesodermal structure

A

notochord

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20
Q

Dale and Slack
Combining Experiment of 32 cell stage Frog Blastula

true or false
the further away from the dorsal side, the more dorsal structures are generated

A

False (less are generated)

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21
Q

Dale and Slack
Combining Experiment of 32 cell stage Frog Blastula

_______: associated with notochord

A

dorsal mesoderm

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22
Q

Dale and Slack
Combining Experiment of 32 cell stage Frog Blastula

_______: associated with the heart, cardiovascular

A

Ventral mesoderm

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23
Q

Dale and Slack
Combining Experiment of 32 cell stage Frog Blastula

Lateral: ______; etc

A

kidneys

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24
Q

Dale and Slack (more experiments)

true or false
the dorsal-most vegetal cells had the greatest ability to induce dorsal mesoderm, while the ventral-most vegetal cell had the least ability to induce ventral mesoderm

A

False (both had greatest ability)

25
Q

Dale and Slack (more experiments)

even at very early stage, the vegetal cells must be secreting a _______ signal

A

mesoderm-inducing

26
Q

Dale and Slack (more experiments)

they suggested a _________ in dorsal mesoderm inductive ability.

A

dorsal to ventral gradient

27
Q

Dale and Slack (more experiments)

the dorsal-most vegetal cells that induced dorsal mesoderm (the primary organizer) was named the _______ center in honor of the developmental biologist _______

A

Nieuwkoop

28
Q

Nieuwkoop center: __________; nanggagaling sa kanila ang signals that will convert the mesoderm cell above it into ________

A

endodermal cells, dorsal mesoderm

29
Q

Dale and Slack (more experiments)

what are the molecular inducers of mesoderm formation?

from dorsal-most cells:_______

A

dorsal mesoderm cells

30
Q

Dale and Slack (more experiments)

what are the molecular inducers of mesoderm formation?

_______: overlap of the presence of TGF-Beta signal and Beta-catenin accumulation

A

N. center

31
Q

Dale and Slack (more experiments)

what are the molecular inducers of mesoderm formation?

The dorsal side is distinguished molecularly: presence of _______

A

Beta-catenin

32
Q

Dale and Slack (more experiments)

what are the molecular inducers of mesoderm formation?

Ventral side: ________: mesodermalizing gene

A

siamois gene

33
Q

Ventral side: siamois gene; mesodermalizing gene
silent: ______ (silences them)

A

Tcf-3

34
Q

Dorsal side: siamois gene
_______: activate the gene

A

Beta-catenin

35
Q

_________: act as transcription factor the will help produce goosecoid gene

A

Siamois protein

36
Q

siamois protein: act as transcription factor the will help produce ______

A

goosecoid gene

37
Q

it is believed to be the determinant of organizer function. there may be some homology between fly and vertebrate goosecoid function

A

Goosecoid

38
Q

what are the properties of organizer tissue

A
  1. ability to become dorsal mesoderm
  2. ability to convert surrounding mesoderm into lateral mesoderm
  3. ability to dorsalize the ectoderm into neural ectoderm
  4. ability to initiate movements of gastrulation
  5. ability to induce neurulation
    (bcdii)
39
Q

Beta-catenin locate at _______ side to perform its function

A

dorsal side

40
Q

________: natural inactivator of Beta-catenin

A

Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 (GSK-3)

41
Q

________:upstream; inhibitor or GSK- 3

A

Disheveled (Dsh) proteins

42
Q

During _______: Dsh undergoes radical rearrangement; goes to dorsal side

A

cortical rotation

43
Q

Inhibition of _______ leads to activatipn of Beta-catenin

A

GSK-3

44
Q

why is GSK-3 inhibition important which leads to activation of Beta- catenin?

A

Beta-catenin is a determinant of dorsal mesodermal cell: important because dorsal mesodermal cells become the chordamesoderm that will become the primary organizer

45
Q

In Xenopus, _______ and ____ (found in the endodermal area) act synergistically with Beta- catenin to activate a gradient of Xnr proteins across the endoderm, highest dorsally.

A

VegT and Vg1

46
Q

Xnr proteins: ______ ______ ______; concentration gradient in the endoderm
Highest Xnr in the _______ area: overlap of VegT, Vg1 and Beta-catenin

A

Xenopus nodal related proteins, dorsal area

47
Q

Ventral mesoderm expresses _______ and ______

A

BMP4 and Xwnt-8

48
Q

BMP-4: ____________; found in the bone first

A

Bone morphogenetic protein

49
Q

Xwnt-8 : _________

A

Xenopus wingless

50
Q

______ represses BMP-4 and Xwnt-8 are expressed in a ________

A

High Xnr, ventral to dorsal gradient

51
Q

How is the Xnr activated?

A

synergistic relationship with Beta-catenin and VegT and Vg1

52
Q

neurulation as induced by chordamesoderm
- very specific order of involution of cells
- or the mesoderm locates itself under the _____

A

animal pole

53
Q

if chordamesoderm already underlying the ectoderm, chordamesoderm will differentiate into the _______

A

notochord

54
Q

Chordamesoderm
- now starts to change in shape: become cuboidal than columnar
-will form the neural plate than tube
-in between the ectoderm that forms the epidermis and the ectoderm that forms the neural plate is the layer of cells that will form the neural crest

A

True

55
Q

_____: form from the margin, formed separately

A

mesoderm

56
Q

______: also; will have very different fate that’s why formed separately; very mesenchymal

A

neural crest

57
Q

Choramesoderm
-Schwann cells
- pigment cells
- parts of the adrenal medulla
- nerves of sympathetic nervous system
- chordamesoderm when it underlies the ectoderm, transforms by induction

A

True

58
Q

during gastrulation, cells are placed in new neighborhoods to interact with each other to interact in a new way
-chordamesoderm: brings about neurulation

A

True

Mesoderm Formation and Neurulation (1 decks)

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