concepts final Flashcards
1
Q
What does ISBARR stand for in communication?
A
Introduce yourself, Situation, Background, Recommendations, Read back
ISBARR is a structured communication tool to ensure effective information transfer in healthcare settings.
2
Q
What are the components of written and verbal communication?
A
Right time, right med, right patient, right route, right dosage
These components are crucial for ensuring patient safety and effective communication.
3
Q
What are the pros of digital documentation?
A
- Real-time update
- Accessible to many people for collaboration
Digital documentation enhances communication among healthcare professionals.
4
Q
What are the cons of digital documentation?
A
- Real-time updates can be negative
- Can detract from bedside communication
- Data breach risks
- Only look at your patients
- Be cautious of screen visibility
- Password confidentiality
These challenges must be managed to ensure patient confidentiality and effective communication.
5
Q
What is a living will?
A
A document specifying a patient’s wishes regarding artificial nutrition and hydration while they are alive
It includes code status information and can specify a decision-maker.
6
Q
What is the role of a durable power of attorney in medical decisions?
A
Used for all medical decisions beyond what is listed in the living will
If not designated, choices pass to the next of kin.
7
Q
What are the two code statuses in Ohio?
A
- DNRCCA
- DNRCC
Each status defines specific interventions that may or may not be performed in emergencies.
8
Q
What tasks can be delegated to Unlicensed Assistive Personnel (UAP)?
A
UAP cannot perform tasks like patient education or assist post-surgery for the first time
Nurses must ensure that delegation follows legal and safety guidelines.
9
Q
Who should receive the flu vaccine?
A
- Everyone 6 months or older
- Specifically old, young, immunocompromised, LTC facility residents
Vaccination is crucial for public health, especially in vulnerable populations.
10
Q
Who should not get the flu vaccine?
A
Patients with a history of Guillian-Barré Syndrome
This condition can be exacerbated by certain vaccines.
11
Q
What precautions should be taken for a client with the flu?
A
- Droplet precautions (6 ft distance)
- Hospitalization if fever cannot be controlled
- Antivirals, fluids, anti-pyretics (no ASA)
- Rest, decongestants, humidification, cough suppressants
Proper care can minimize complications and transmission.
12
Q
What are the signs and symptoms of cellulitis?
A
- Localized: redness, warmth, swelling, pain
- General: malaise, systemic fever, chills
- Systemic: fever, chills
Early recognition is crucial for effective treatment.
13
Q
What risk factors can lead to cellulitis?
A
- Diabetes
- Neuropathies
- Poor oral hygiene
- Older age
- Poor diet
- Previous cellulitis
- Immunocompromised
- Lymphatic obstruction
- Fungal infections of the feet
These factors can increase susceptibility to infection.
14
Q
What is a common treatment for cellulitis?
A
- Wash hands before and after touching any open area
- Inspect skin for open areas
- Clean and dry open areas
- Apply antibacterial ointment
- Wrap in clean, dry gauze
- Monitor site
Preventive measures are essential in managing cellulitis.
15
Q
What is the role of T cells in the immune response?
A
T cells attack infected cells
They play a critical role in the body’s defense against pathogens.
16
Q
What is the role of B cells in the immune response?
A
B cells create antibodies
They are essential for recognizing and neutralizing pathogens.
17
Q
What triggers an allergic reaction?
A
An exaggerated immune response to usually harmless substances
Triggered by IgE immunoglobulins, leading to histamine release.
18
Q
What are common symptoms of allergies?
A
- Runny nose
- Watery eyes
- Asthma
- Anaphylaxis
Symptoms can range from mild to life-threatening.
19
Q
What is the treatment for severe allergic reactions?
A
May need epinephrine
Quick administration can be life-saving in anaphylaxis.
20
Q
What are the triggers for asthma?
A
- Pollen
- Smoke
- Exercise
- Dust
- Dander
- Cold and humidity
- Perfumes
Identifying triggers is essential for effective management.
21
Q
What happens during an asthma attack?
A
Bronchoconstriction due to inflammation or irritants
This leads to difficulty in breathing and increased mucus production.
22
Q
What are the signs and symptoms of worsening asthma?
A
Increased respiratory rate, wheezing, chest tightness
Early recognition and intervention are critical.
23
Q
What is a common treatment for asthma?
A
Albuterol (SABA)
It is a rescue inhaler used during asthma attacks.
24
Q
What are the nursing care recommendations for COPD?
A
- High Fowler’s position
- Adequate fluid intake
- Calm, guided breathing
These measures help reduce the workload of breathing.
25
What are the signs and symptoms of a stroke?
* Balance issues
* Blurred vision
* Droopy face
* Arm weakness
* Speech difficulties
* Time-sensitive treatment needed
## Footnote
Recognizing these signs quickly can save lives.
26
What does BEFAST stand for?
* Balance
* Eyes
* Face
* Arm weakness
* Speech
* Time
## Footnote
A mnemonic to help identify stroke symptoms.
27
What are the two types of myocardial infarction?
* STEMI (complete arterial block)
* NSTEMI (partial arterial block)
## Footnote
Each type requires different management strategies.
28
What are common signs and symptoms of a myocardial infarction?
* Angina
* Radiating pain
* Tachycardia
* Shortness of breath
* Low oxygen saturation
* Dizziness
## Footnote
Symptoms can vary among individuals.
29
What is the treatment protocol for a myocardial infarction?
MONA (Morphine, Oxygen, Nitro, Aspirin)
## Footnote
This acronym summarizes immediate treatments to improve outcomes.
30
What is the role of anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation?
To prevent stroke and blood clots
## Footnote
They are critical in managing the risks associated with atrial fibrillation.
31
What are the risk factors for urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
* Hygiene
* Yeast
* Moisture
* E. coli
* Incontinence
* Catheters
* Voiding habits
* Intercourse
* Urinary stasis
* Kidney stones
## Footnote
These factors can contribute to the development of UTIs.
32
What are the common signs and symptoms of a UTI?
* Urgency
* Pain
* Dark urine
* Frequency
* Fever
* Confusion
* Lower back pain
## Footnote
Symptoms can vary based on the individual's health status.
33
What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?
Enlargement of the prostate causing urinary obstruction
## Footnote
It can lead to complications such as urinary tract infections and kidney damage.
34
What are the treatment options for BPH?
* Transurethral needle ablation (TUNA)
* Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
## Footnote
Both procedures aim to relieve urinary obstruction.
35
What is a potential complication of prostate tissue removal?
Urethral trauma, urinary retention, bleeding, infection, reoccurrence of the condition
## Footnote
These complications can arise post-operative TURP.
36
What is the purpose of a 3-way urinary catheter post TURP?
To provide continuous bladder irrigation (CBI)
## Footnote
This helps in maintaining proper urine outflow.
37
What should the irrigation outflow color be post TURP?
Light pink
## Footnote
Bright red or clotted outflow indicates a need to increase CBI rate.
38
What is a common symptom patients may experience post TURP?
Continuous feeling of needing to urinate
## Footnote
This sensation is normal after the procedure.
39
What daily water intake is recommended for patients post TURP?
At least 2L of water a day
## Footnote
Adequate hydration is crucial for recovery.
40
What are some causes of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?
* Psychological stress
* Ingestion of irritants (coffee, raw fruits/veggies)
* Lactose intolerance
* Abuse of laxatives
* Hormonal changes (menstruation)
## Footnote
The exact cause of IBS is mainly unknown.
41
What are common symptoms of IBS?
* Diarrhea/constipation
* Lower abdominal pain (relieved by defecation)
* Small stools with visible mucus
## Footnote
Symptoms can vary among individuals.
42
What is the treatment approach for IBS?
Eliminate triggers from diet, decrease external stressors, keep a food diary
## Footnote
Identifying and managing triggers is key.
43
What are risk factors for Crohn's disease?
* Family history
* Age 15-40
* Immune system dysfunction
* Tobacco use
## Footnote
These factors increase the likelihood of developing Crohn's.
44
What are common symptoms of Crohn's disease?
* Severe diarrhea
* Mucousy bowel movements (5-9 daily)
* Abdominal pain/tenderness
* Low grade fever
* Malabsorption of nutrients
* Weight loss
## Footnote
Symptoms can be severe and debilitating.
45
What are the complications associated with Crohn's disease?
Increased risk of cancer in 15-20 years, major concern for hypokalemia
## Footnote
Monitoring for these complications is essential.
46
What dietary recommendations are made for patients with Crohn's disease?
* Small frequent meals
* Avoid alcohol and caffeine
* High protein, high calorie, high vitamin, low residue diet with supplements
## Footnote
Dietary adjustments can help manage symptoms.
47
What is a common symptom of Ulcerative Colitis (UC)?
10-20 bloody bowel movements daily
## Footnote
This symptom is a hallmark of UC.
48
What are the major complications associated with Ulcerative Colitis?
Concerns for GI bleed and cramping from bleeding
## Footnote
These complications can lead to severe health issues.
49
What is the treatment approach for Ulcerative Colitis?
* Reduce pain by eliminating factors that cause/increase pain
* Sitz baths
* Avoid toilet paper
## Footnote
These strategies help manage symptoms.
50
What are common symptoms of diverticulitis?
* Chronic constipation
* Nausea
* Anorexia
* Bloating
* Abdominal distention
## Footnote
Symptoms may often be asymptomatic.
51
What is a major risk associated with diverticulitis?
Risk of bowel perforations
## Footnote
This can lead to serious complications.
52
What dietary adjustments are recommended for patients with diverticulitis?
* Clear liquid diet until symptoms subside
* Progress to low-fiber diet
* Avoid seeds or indigestible materials
## Footnote
These changes help prevent blockages.
53
What are the signs and symptoms of bowel obstruction?
* Absent bowel sounds
* Distention
* Abdominal cramps
## Footnote
These symptoms indicate a potential obstruction.
54
What is the recommended body position for a patient with bowel obstruction?
Position on left side in semi-fowler's
## Footnote
This position can help improve airflow in the GI tract.
55
What is a colostomy?
Surgical creation from the end of the large intestine to divert waste
## Footnote
It can be temporary or permanent.
56
What dietary recommendations are made after a colostomy?
* Resume regular diet, including fresh fruits, vegetables, protein, and whole grains
* Limit insoluble fiber if experiencing a large amount of effluent
## Footnote
Dietary adjustments may be necessary based on individual tolerance.
57
What is an ileostomy?
Surgical opening created in the ileum to bypass the entire large intestine
## Footnote
The stoma is typically located in the right lower quadrant.
58
What are potential complications of an ileostomy?
High risk of fluid and electrolyte imbalance
## Footnote
This is due to the shorter transit time through the bowel.
59
What is the 15/15/15 rule for treating hypoglycemia at home?
15 grams of rapid-acting sugar/carbs, wait 15 minutes, if still low, consume another 15 grams
## Footnote
This rule helps manage low blood sugar effectively.
60
What are the signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia?
* Polyuria
* Polydipsia
* Polyphagia
* Diaphoresis
## Footnote
These symptoms indicate elevated blood sugar levels.
61
What are common complications of diabetes?
* Retinopathy
* Nephropathy
* Neuropathy
* Atherosclerosis
## Footnote
These complications result from micro and macrovascular damage.
62
What is the normal potassium range?
3.5-5.3
## Footnote
Potassium is crucial for cellular functions.
63
What are the signs of hypercalcemia?
* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Decreased deep tendon reflex
* Dysrhythmia
## Footnote
High calcium levels can lead to serious health issues.
64
What is the normal sodium range?
135-145
## Footnote
Sodium balance is crucial for fluid balance and nerve function.
65
What is the significance of the pH range 7.35-7.45?
It indicates normal acid-base balance in the body
## Footnote
Deviations from this range can indicate metabolic or respiratory issues.
66
What are common symptoms of GERD?
* Heartburn
* Sour mouth
* Difficulty swallowing
* Dry cough in children
## Footnote
Symptoms can vary based on age and individual factors.
67
What are the risk factors for Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)?
* Smoking
* Long-term NSAID use
* H. pylori infection
* Low socioeconomic status
## Footnote
These factors increase the likelihood of developing PUD.
68
What is the pain-food-relief pattern in PUD?
Abdominal pain occurs with an empty stomach and relief comes from eating
## Footnote
This pattern is characteristic of peptic ulcers.
69
What is a common treatment for H. pylori infection?
Antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
## Footnote
Effective treatment is crucial to prevent complications.
70
What is the pain-food-relief pattern?
Relief comes from eating.
## Footnote
This pattern is commonly observed in conditions like peptic ulcer disease.
71
What symptoms can accompany heartburn?
Weight loss, dysphagia, or anemia in older adults.
## Footnote
These symptoms may indicate more serious underlying conditions.
72
What is the significance of H. pylori in peptic ulcer disease (PUD)?
1 in 6 patients with H. pylori will develop PUD.
## Footnote
Preventing H. pylori infection is key in managing PUD.
73
What are the types of medications used in the treatment of PUD?
* PPI
* H2-Receptor Blockers
* Sucralfate
* Antacids
* Prostaglandin analogs
## Footnote
These medications help reduce gastric acidity and protect the gastric lining.
74
List some complications of peptic ulcer disease.
* Hemorrhage
* Obstruction
* Perforation
* Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
## Footnote
These complications can lead to severe health issues if not treated promptly.
75
What is the rationale for enteral feeding via NG placement?
* Decompress the stomach
* Remove gas and fluid
* Lavage stomach to remove toxins
* Determine GI motility problems
* Treat obstruction
* Compress a bleeding site
* Aspirate for analysis
* Administer feedings and medications
## Footnote
NG tube placement is a common intervention in critical care.
76
What is the gold standard for verifying NG tube placement?
Chest x-ray.
## Footnote
This method provides the most reliable confirmation of proper tube placement.
77
What are the signs to monitor for during NG suctioning?
* Hypokalemia
* Dehydration
* Metabolic alkalosis
## Footnote
These conditions can arise from the removal of large volumes of stomach contents.
78
What should be done if a patient experiences respiratory distress during NG tube insertion?
STOP ADVANCING AND WITHDRAW IT.
## Footnote
This is critical to prevent aspiration and further complications.
79
What are the nursing care considerations for enteral feeds?
* Verify tube placement
* Auscultate for bowel sounds
* Keep HOB at 30 degrees or higher
* Check residual volume every 4-6 hours
* Flush with 30-50 ml water before/after feeds
## Footnote
Proper care helps to prevent complications such as aspiration and ensures effective feeding.
80
What are the 6 P's of compartment syndrome?
* Pain
* Pressure
* Paralysis
* Paresthesia
* Pallor
* Pulselessness
## Footnote
These signs indicate potential complications requiring immediate attention.
81
What can cause neuropathies?
* Hyperglycemia
* Autoimmune diseases
* Infections
* Alcohol use disorder
* Nutritional deficiencies
* Environmental exposure to toxins
* Physical trauma
## Footnote
Understanding these causes is essential for prevention and management.
82
What are some patient education points for those with neuropathies?
* Regular foot care
* Inspect feet daily
* Wash feet with warm water
* No lotion between toes
* Wear comfortable shoes
* Maintain blood sugar levels
## Footnote
These practices help to prevent complications like ulcers and infections.
83
What is carpal tunnel syndrome?
Compression of the median nerve in the wrist.
## Footnote
This condition often leads to pain and numbness in the fingers.
84
What are some common triggers for seizures?
* Increased physical activity
* Excessive stress
* Hyperventilation
* Fatigue
* Alcohol intake
* Flashing lights
## Footnote
Identifying triggers is important for seizure management.
85
What should be done during a seizure?
* Position patient on side
* Protect from injury
* Loosen clothing
* Time the seizure
## Footnote
These actions help to ensure patient safety during a seizure episode.
86
What are some postoperative care considerations for carpal tunnel release?
* Monitor vital signs
* Check dressing for drainage
* Elevate hand above heart
* Check neurovascular status of fingers
* Offer pain medications
## Footnote
Proper postoperative care is essential for recovery.
