Concepts, definitions & terms (and a few models) Flashcards
Communication
Communication is a process of conveying information.
Connotation
Abstract meaning of a word.
Discourse
Written or spoken communication or debate.
“the language of political/legal/medical discourse”
types: argument, narration, description, and exposition
Communication types
Context • Interpersonal • Intercultural • Corporate or organizational • Mass (public communication) • Marketing (Strategic communication)
Dimension & channel • Verbal & Non-Verbal • Oral & Written • Formal & Informal • Internal & External • One-way vs. Two ways • Digital • Analogue (F2F)
Interpersonal communication
Interpersonal Communications is the process by which people exchange information, feelings, and meaning through verbal and non-verbal messages: it is face-to-face communication.
Effective Communication
- Emotional intelligence (EI)
- Intercultural intelligence (CI)
- Listening
- The process of communication
- Basic communication elements
Listening filters
- Culture
- Language
- Values
- Attitudes
- Expectations
- Intentions
Sender
The message creator
Encoding
The process of putting thoughts into messages through the creation of content and symbols.
Message (from a sender)
The transmitted information.
Decoding
The process of interpreting and assigning meaning to a message.
Message (for the receiver)
The perceived information.
Channel
The medium through which the message passes.
Receiver
The target of the sender and collector of the message.
Noise
Those distractions which interfere with the transmission of the message.
Different Types of noise
- Physical Noise
- Psychological Noise (feelings/mood)
- Semantic Noise (not understanding the meaning of the used words, sentences)
Examples of complex noise
- Having Prejudice
- Having Stereotyping
- Building Assumption
Different types of communication models
Action
Interactive
Transactive
Communication models - Action
- Linear
- Transmissional
- One-way communication, no feedback, mass speaking.
- Key element: Noise
• Shannon-Weaver model, Aristotle model, David Berlo‘s SMCR model of communication, Lasswell‘s One-way speech model of communication
Communication models - Interactive
- Loop
- Interactive
- Exchange of ideas and messages taking place both ways from sender to receiver and vice-versa. The communication process take place between humans or machines in both verbal or non-verbal way.
- The key element: feedback
• Schramm’s model
Communication models - Transactive
- Cyclical
- Transactional
- The transactional model shows that the elements in communication are interdependent. Each person in the communication act is both a speaker and a listener, and can be simultaneously sending and receiving messages.
- The key element: field of expertise
• Duck and McMahan, Shannon-Weaver (updated version), Dean Barnlund
The Plan-Write-Completing framework for presentations
Planning • Situation • Information • Medium • Organisation
Writing
• Adapt to the audience
• Compose the message
Completing • Revision • Delivery • Preparation • Confidence
Communication process
The seven-part process of transferring and understanding of meaning.
Corporate/organizational communication
A flow of information that happens within organizations and it has got structure, direction and dynamics.