Concepts and fundametals of radiologic science Flashcards
Anything that occupies space and has a mass
Matter
Other term for Radiologic Technologist who deal specifically with x-ray imaging
Radiographer
Fundamental building blocks of matter
Atoms
Quantity of matter contained in any physical object
Mass
Mass of an object
Weight
The force exerted on a body under the influence of gravity
Weight
Quantity of matter as described by its energy equivalence
Mass
The _______ of an object directly change in accordance with the presence of gravity. While its ______ doesnt change at all.
Weight, mass
The scientific unit of mass, is unrelated to gravitational effects.
Kilogram
1000 grams = _ kg
1kg
True/false - mass, the quantity of matter, remains unchanged regardless of its state, it can be transformed from one size, shape, and form to another.
True - ex. Ice to water to air
The ability to do work
Energy
The Unit of energy in International System(SI)
Joules (J)
The unit of energy in radiology
Electron Volt (eV)
The ability to do work by virtue of position
Potential energy
The enrgy of motion
Kinetic energy
The energy released by a chemical reaction
Chemical energy
Represents the work that can be done when an electron moves through an electric potential difference (voltage)
Electrical energy
Electric potential difference
Volatage
The energy of motion at the molecular level
Thermal energy (heat)
The kinetic energy of molecules and is closely related to temperature
Thermal energy (heat)
True/false - the faster the molecules of a substance are vibrating, the more thermal energy the substance has and the higher temperature
True
The energy that is contained within the nucleus of an atom
Nuclear energy
The least familiar form of energy. The type of energy thag is used in x-ray.
Electromagnetic energy (radiation)
True/false - energy cannot be transformed from one type to another
False
True/false - energy and matter exist side by side
True
The person who formulate the Mass-energy equivalence
Albert Einstein
E = mc^2
Mass-energy equivalence
What does the E in mass-energy equivalence (E=mc^2) means?
Energy
What does the m in mass-energy equivalence (E=mc^2) means?
Mass
What does the c means in the mass-energy equivalence (E=mc^2)?
Speed of light
The energy emitted and transferred through space
Radiation
The transfer of energy
Radiation
Any type of radiation that is capable of removing an orbital electron from the atom with which it interacts
Ionizing radiation
The type of interaction when a radiation removes an orbital electron from an atom
Ionization
What do we call the orbital electron and the atom from which it was separated resulting from ionization
Ion pair
In an ion pair, the electron which is removed from an atom is called?
Negative ion
In an ion pair, the atom from which the electron is removed is called as?
Positive ion
The removal of electron from an atom
Ionization
Any type of energy that is capable of ionizing matter
Ionizing radiation
The only forms of electromagnetic radiation with sufficient energy to ionize
X-rays, gamma rays and ultraviolet light
True/false - some fast moving particles or particles with high kinetic energy are also capable of ionization
True
What are the examples of patricle-type ionizing radiation?
Alpha and beta particles
Two main categories of sources of ionizing radiation
Natural environmental radiation and man-made radiation
The annual dose for natural environmental radiation
300 millirem (mrem) or 3 millisievert (mSv)
The annual dose for man-made radiation
60 mrem or 60 mSv
How many 1/1000 rem in mrem?
1 mrem
The abbreviation rem means
Radiation equivalent man
Express radiation exposure of population
rem
Three components of natural environmental radiation
Cosmic rays, terrestial radiation, and internally deposited radionuclides
The particulate and electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun and stars
Cosmic rays
Results from the deposits of uranium, thorium and radionuclides in the Earth
Terrestial radiation
Potassium-40(^40K) are the natural metabolites that is been with us internally and emits radiation
Internally deposited radionuclides
The largest source of natural environmental radiation
Radon
A radioactive gas that is produced by the natural radioactive decay of uranium
Radon
Radon is what type of particulate radiation?
Alpha particle
The largest man-made source of ionizing radiation
Diagnostic x-rays
Maximum dose of diagnostic x-rays
39 mrem/yr
MSCT means
Multisclice spiral computed radiography
The accepted annual dose resulting from medical applications of ionizing radiation
50 mrem/yr or 0.5 mSv
The oldest version of x-ray tube
Crookes tube
It is a large, partially evacuated glass tube that conducts cathode rays or electrons
Crookes tube
Who invented the crookes tube?
William Crookes
When was the x-ray discovered?
November 8, 1895
The tube experimented by Wilhelm Roentgen when he discovered x-rays
Crookes tube
Where was the x-ray discovered?
Wuzburg university at Germany
A flourescent material happened to be lying on a bench top several feet from the crookes tube covered with black photographic paper
Plate coated with barium platinocyanide
What merial roentgen used to cover the crookes tube in order to better visualize the cathode rays in the tube?
Black photographic paper
A glow is also called as
Flouresce
First term of x-ray
X-light
The x for x-ray means
Unknown
When was the first medical x-ray image was produced?
1896
What is the first x-ray medical image which is also the first x-ray examination?
The hand of roentgen’s wife
What are the two general types of x-ray examination?
Radiography and flouroscopy
A type of x-ray examination that uses x-ray film and usually an x-ray tube mounted from the ceiling
Radiography
A type of x-ray examination that is conducted with an x-ray tube located under the examination table
Flouroscopy
A type of x-ray examination that provides the radiologist with moving images on a tv monitror or flat panel display
Fluoroscopy
X-ray voltages are measured in
kVp (kilovoltage peak)
1000 v is equal to
1 kV
X- ray tube currents are measured in
Milliampere (mA)
Electric current is measured in
Ampere (A)
Maximum kVp current during roentgen’s time
50 kVp
The equipment used to reduce long exposure time
Fluorescent intensifying screen (IS)
Who and when was the intensifying screen first demonstrated?
Michael Pupin, 1896
What is the type of film used by Roentgen?
Single-emulsion film
Who discovered the double-emulsion film?
Charles L. Leonard
Substitute for glass plate film
Cellulose nitrate
When and who developed the fluoroscope?
1898, Thomas Edison
The first person who suffered from radiation fatality
Clarence Dally, friend of Thomas Edison
Discovered the use of diaphragm (restricting device)and filter for patient protection
William Rollins
Who introduced the transformer substituting the high-voltagepower supply in x-ray imaging system?
H.C. Snook , the Snook transformer
A hot-cathode x-ray tube that is far superior to the Crookes tube
Coolidge tube
The vacuum tube (gas-filled tube) that allows x-ray intensity and energy to selected separately and with great accuracy
Coolidge tube
Who invented the coolidge tube?
William D. Collidge
The refinements of coolidge tube which is used today results to
X-ray tube
Radiology emerged as a medical specialty because these two advancements:
Snook transformer and coolidge x-ray tube
Who invented the stationary grid (Glitterblende)?
Gustav Bucky, 1913
Who invented the moving grid?
H. Potter, 1915
Where was the light amplifier tube demonstrated?
Bell telephone laboratories, 1946
SPECT means
Single-photon emission computed tomography
ASRT
American Society of Radiologic Technologist
MRI means
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
CT scan
Computed Tomography Scan
ICRU
International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements
PACS means
Picture Archiving and Communication System
SQUID means
Superconducting Quantum Interface Device
MEG means
Magnetoencephalography
MQSA
Mammography Quality Standard Acts
TFTs
Thin-film transistors
CCD
Charge-coupled device
PET means
Positron Emission Tomography
The cardinal principles of radiation contol
Time
Distance
Shielding
ALARA means
As Low As Reasonably Achievable
This is inserted into x-ray tube housing so that low energy x-rays are absorbed before they reach the patient
Filter
Restricts the useful x-ray beam to the part of body to be imaged and thereby separates adjacent tissue from unnecessary exposure
Collimation
Intensifying screens reduce exposure to patient for how many percent?
95%
True/False - abdominal and pelvic examinations is allowed for pregnant patients during its first trimester
False
The projectile electron from the cathode hits the target of the ande produces
X-ray
The study of interaction of matter and energy in all their diverse forms
Physics
Three Basic/Building blocks of all other quantities
Mass
Length
Time
They are derived from a combination of one or more of the three base quantities (mass,length, and time)
Secondary/derived quantities
Quantities that are designed to support measurement in specialized areas of science and technology (ex. Radiology units)
Specialized quantities
Specialized quantities of radiology
Exposure, dose, equivalent dose and radioactivity
The distance between two lines
Line
The meter is based on the ___________
Speed of light ( 1/299,792,468 second)
What is the unit of mass?
Kilogram
What are the unit of weight?
Newton and pound
Mass of 1000 cm^3 of water at 4 degrees celsius is equal to
1 kilogram
The standard unit of time is
Second (s)
It is where the time is measured and which is capable of keeping time correctly to about 1 second in 5000 years
Atomic clock - based on the vibration of cesium atoms
Two parts of measurement
Magnitude and unit
Four system units
SI, MKS, CGS , British
A segment of physics that deals with objects at rest (static) and objects in motion (dynamics)
Mechanics
The motion of object can be described with the use of two terms:
Velocity and acceleration
A measure of how fast something is moving or the rate of change of its position with time
Velocity or speed
What is the formula for velocity?
v = d\t , d = distance , t = time
What is the velocity/speed of light?
C = 3 x 10^8 m/s
What is the formula for average velocity?
v = vt + v0 / 2 , vt = final velocity, v0 = initial velocity
The rate of change of velocity with time
Acceleration
It is how “quickly or slowly” the velocit is changing
Acceleration
Velocity divided by time
Acceleration
What is the formula for acceleration?
a = vt - v0 \ t , vt = final velocity, v0 = initial velocity
Who presented the three principles of fundamental laws of motion?
Isaac Newton
Newton’s first law of motion
Inertia
It states that “a body will remain at rest or will continue to move with constant velocity in a straight line unless acted on by an external force”
Inertia
Newton’s second law of motion
Force
The mass of the object multiplied by the acceleration produced
Force (F)
What is the formula for Force?
F = ma , m = mass, a = acceleration
Push or pull on an object
Force
The SI unit pf Force
Newton (N)
Newton’s third law of motion
Action - reaction
It states that “for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction”
Action-Reaction
Is a force on a body caused by the pull of gravity on it
Weight (Wt)
The acceleration due to gravity
Weight
Mass of graviational force in Earth
g = 9.8 m/s^2 or 32 ft/s^2
The product of the object’s mass and the acceleration of gravity
Weight
What is the formula for weight?
Wt = mg
m = mass, g = acceleration of gravity
Unit of weight
Newtons and pound
The product of the mass of an object and its velocity
Momentum (p)
What is the formula for momentum?
p = mv
m = mass, v = velocity
True/False - the greater the velocity of an object , the more momentum the object possesses
True
This is the force applied times the distance over which it is applied
Work
What is the formula for work?
W = Fd
F = force ( N/ or lb) D = distance
What is the unit of work?
Joule (J)
This is the rate of doing work
Power
This is the time required to perform the work
Power
What is the formula for power?
P = W/ t or Fd/t
W = work F= force
What is the SI unit of power?
J/s or also called as watt (W)
What is the british unit of power?
Horsepower (hp)
This law states that the energy may be transformed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed
Law of conservation of energy
What is the unit of energy and work?
Joule
What is the formula for kinetic energy?
KE = 1/2 mv^2
Whats the formula for gravitational potential energy?
PE = mgh
h = distance above the earth’s surface
The kinetic energy of the random motion of molecules
Heat
True/False - the more motion of molecules, the less heat the object produces
False
What is the unit og heat?
Calorie
It is defined as the heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g of water through 1 degree celsius
Calorie
Heat is tranferred by ______, _______, and __________.
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
It is the transfer of heat through a material or touching
Conduction
Is the mechanical transfer of “hot” molecules in a gas or liquid from one place to another
Convection
The transfer of heat by the emission of infrared radiation
Thermal radiation
An x-ray tube cools primarily by _________.
Radiation
Temperature is measured with a____________.
Thermometer
A thermometer is calibrated at two reference points
Freezing and boiling points of water
What are the three scales that have been developed to measure temperature?
Celsius (C)
Fahrenheit (F)
Kelvin (K)
What is the technique for converting celsius to fahrenheit, and vice versa?
From F to C, subtract 30 and divided by 2
From C to F , double, then add 30
What is the formula for converting celsius to kelvin?
Tk = Tc + 273
What are the two cryogens that is used for superconducting MRI - requires extreme cold?
Liquid nitrogen and liquid helium
The relationship between temperature and energy is often represented as __________.
Energy thermometer
A system of numbers that is based on multiples of 10
Decimal system
What are the two axes on a graph?
X-axis (horizontal) and y-axis (vertical)
The point where the two axes meet
Origin
It is emitted by a radioactive material
Radiation
what is the measurement for the quantity of radioactive material?
Curie
Radiation quantity is measured in
Roentgen, rad, rem
Technique for converting rad to rem to R
1 R = 1 rem = 1 rad
The roentgen is equal to the radiation intensity that will create _______________ ion pairs in a cubic meter of air (lp/cm^3).
2.8 x 10^8
It is the electric charge per unit mass of air
Roentgen (1R = 2.58 x 10^-4 C/kg)
The unit of radiation exposure or intensity
Roentgen
The quantity of radiation received by the patient , it is used for matter not just air
rad
1 rad is equal to how many erg/g
100 erg/g
erg - unit of energy
Radiation dose in air
Gy(a)
Radiation dose in tissue
Gy(t)
The quantity of radiation received by radiation workers and population
rem (radiation equivalent man)
The unit of radioactivity
Curie (Ci)
One curie is that quantity of radioactivity in which __________ distegrate every second
3.7 x 10^10 nuclei
