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Radiology > Concepts and fundametals of radiologic science > Flashcards

Concepts and fundametals of radiologic science Flashcards

0
Q

Anything that occupies space and has a mass

A

Matter

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1
Q

Other term for Radiologic Technologist who deal specifically with x-ray imaging

A

Radiographer

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2
Q

Fundamental building blocks of matter

A

Atoms

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3
Q

Quantity of matter contained in any physical object

A

Mass

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4
Q

Mass of an object

A

Weight

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5
Q

The force exerted on a body under the influence of gravity

A

Weight

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6
Q

Quantity of matter as described by its energy equivalence

A

Mass

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7
Q

The _______ of an object directly change in accordance with the presence of gravity. While its ______ doesnt change at all.

A

Weight, mass

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8
Q

The scientific unit of mass, is unrelated to gravitational effects.

A

Kilogram

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9
Q

1000 grams = _ kg

A

1kg

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10
Q

True/false - mass, the quantity of matter, remains unchanged regardless of its state, it can be transformed from one size, shape, and form to another.

A

True - ex. Ice to water to air

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11
Q

The ability to do work

A

Energy

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12
Q

The Unit of energy in International System(SI)

A

Joules (J)

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13
Q

The unit of energy in radiology

A

Electron Volt (eV)

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14
Q

The ability to do work by virtue of position

A

Potential energy

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15
Q

The enrgy of motion

A

Kinetic energy

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16
Q

The energy released by a chemical reaction

A

Chemical energy

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17
Q

Represents the work that can be done when an electron moves through an electric potential difference (voltage)

A

Electrical energy

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18
Q

Electric potential difference

A

Volatage

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19
Q

The energy of motion at the molecular level

A

Thermal energy (heat)

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20
Q

The kinetic energy of molecules and is closely related to temperature

A

Thermal energy (heat)

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21
Q

True/false - the faster the molecules of a substance are vibrating, the more thermal energy the substance has and the higher temperature

A

True

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22
Q

The energy that is contained within the nucleus of an atom

A

Nuclear energy

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23
Q

The least familiar form of energy. The type of energy thag is used in x-ray.

A

Electromagnetic energy (radiation)

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24
Q

True/false - energy cannot be transformed from one type to another

A

False

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25
Q

True/false - energy and matter exist side by side

A

True

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26
Q

The person who formulate the Mass-energy equivalence

A

Albert Einstein

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27
Q

E = mc^2

A

Mass-energy equivalence

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28
Q

What does the E in mass-energy equivalence (E=mc^2) means?

A

Energy

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29
Q

What does the m in mass-energy equivalence (E=mc^2) means?

A

Mass

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30
Q

What does the c means in the mass-energy equivalence (E=mc^2)?

A

Speed of light

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31
Q

The energy emitted and transferred through space

A

Radiation

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32
Q

The transfer of energy

A

Radiation

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33
Q

Any type of radiation that is capable of removing an orbital electron from the atom with which it interacts

A

Ionizing radiation

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34
Q

The type of interaction when a radiation removes an orbital electron from an atom

A

Ionization

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35
Q

What do we call the orbital electron and the atom from which it was separated resulting from ionization

A

Ion pair

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36
Q

In an ion pair, the electron which is removed from an atom is called?

A

Negative ion

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37
Q

In an ion pair, the atom from which the electron is removed is called as?

A

Positive ion

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38
Q

The removal of electron from an atom

A

Ionization

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39
Q

Any type of energy that is capable of ionizing matter

A

Ionizing radiation

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40
Q

The only forms of electromagnetic radiation with sufficient energy to ionize

A

X-rays, gamma rays and ultraviolet light

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41
Q

True/false - some fast moving particles or particles with high kinetic energy are also capable of ionization

A

True

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42
Q

What are the examples of patricle-type ionizing radiation?

A

Alpha and beta particles

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43
Q

Two main categories of sources of ionizing radiation

A

Natural environmental radiation and man-made radiation

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44
Q

The annual dose for natural environmental radiation

A

300 millirem (mrem) or 3 millisievert (mSv)

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45
Q

The annual dose for man-made radiation

A

60 mrem or 60 mSv

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46
Q

How many 1/1000 rem in mrem?

A

1 mrem

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47
Q

The abbreviation rem means

A

Radiation equivalent man

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48
Q

Express radiation exposure of population

A

rem

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49
Q

Three components of natural environmental radiation

A

Cosmic rays, terrestial radiation, and internally deposited radionuclides

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50
Q

The particulate and electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun and stars

A

Cosmic rays

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51
Q

Results from the deposits of uranium, thorium and radionuclides in the Earth

A

Terrestial radiation

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52
Q

Potassium-40(^40K) are the natural metabolites that is been with us internally and emits radiation

A

Internally deposited radionuclides

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53
Q

The largest source of natural environmental radiation

A

Radon

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54
Q

A radioactive gas that is produced by the natural radioactive decay of uranium

A

Radon

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55
Q

Radon is what type of particulate radiation?

A

Alpha particle

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56
Q

The largest man-made source of ionizing radiation

A

Diagnostic x-rays

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57
Q

Maximum dose of diagnostic x-rays

A

39 mrem/yr

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58
Q

MSCT means

A

Multisclice spiral computed radiography

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59
Q

The accepted annual dose resulting from medical applications of ionizing radiation

A

50 mrem/yr or 0.5 mSv

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60
Q

The oldest version of x-ray tube

A

Crookes tube

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61
Q

It is a large, partially evacuated glass tube that conducts cathode rays or electrons

A

Crookes tube

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62
Q

Who invented the crookes tube?

A

William Crookes

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63
Q

When was the x-ray discovered?

A

November 8, 1895

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64
Q

The tube experimented by Wilhelm Roentgen when he discovered x-rays

A

Crookes tube

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65
Q

Where was the x-ray discovered?

A

Wuzburg university at Germany

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66
Q

A flourescent material happened to be lying on a bench top several feet from the crookes tube covered with black photographic paper

A

Plate coated with barium platinocyanide

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67
Q

What merial roentgen used to cover the crookes tube in order to better visualize the cathode rays in the tube?

A

Black photographic paper

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68
Q

A glow is also called as

A

Flouresce

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69
Q

First term of x-ray

A

X-light

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70
Q

The x for x-ray means

A

Unknown

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71
Q

When was the first medical x-ray image was produced?

A

1896

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72
Q

What is the first x-ray medical image which is also the first x-ray examination?

A

The hand of roentgen’s wife

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73
Q

What are the two general types of x-ray examination?

A

Radiography and flouroscopy

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74
Q

A type of x-ray examination that uses x-ray film and usually an x-ray tube mounted from the ceiling

A

Radiography

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75
Q

A type of x-ray examination that is conducted with an x-ray tube located under the examination table

A

Flouroscopy

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76
Q

A type of x-ray examination that provides the radiologist with moving images on a tv monitror or flat panel display

A

Fluoroscopy

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77
Q

X-ray voltages are measured in

A

kVp (kilovoltage peak)

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78
Q

1000 v is equal to

A

1 kV

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79
Q

X- ray tube currents are measured in

A

Milliampere (mA)

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80
Q

Electric current is measured in

A

Ampere (A)

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81
Q

Maximum kVp current during roentgen’s time

A

50 kVp

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82
Q

The equipment used to reduce long exposure time

A

Fluorescent intensifying screen (IS)

83
Q

Who and when was the intensifying screen first demonstrated?

A

Michael Pupin, 1896

84
Q

What is the type of film used by Roentgen?

A

Single-emulsion film

85
Q

Who discovered the double-emulsion film?

A

Charles L. Leonard

86
Q

Substitute for glass plate film

A

Cellulose nitrate

87
Q

When and who developed the fluoroscope?

A

1898, Thomas Edison

88
Q

The first person who suffered from radiation fatality

A

Clarence Dally, friend of Thomas Edison

89
Q

Discovered the use of diaphragm (restricting device)and filter for patient protection

A

William Rollins

90
Q

Who introduced the transformer substituting the high-voltagepower supply in x-ray imaging system?

A

H.C. Snook , the Snook transformer

91
Q

A hot-cathode x-ray tube that is far superior to the Crookes tube

A

Coolidge tube

92
Q

The vacuum tube (gas-filled tube) that allows x-ray intensity and energy to selected separately and with great accuracy

A

Coolidge tube

93
Q

Who invented the coolidge tube?

A

William D. Collidge

94
Q

The refinements of coolidge tube which is used today results to

A

X-ray tube

95
Q

Radiology emerged as a medical specialty because these two advancements:

A

Snook transformer and coolidge x-ray tube

96
Q

Who invented the stationary grid (Glitterblende)?

A

Gustav Bucky, 1913

97
Q

Who invented the moving grid?

A

H. Potter, 1915

98
Q

Where was the light amplifier tube demonstrated?

A

Bell telephone laboratories, 1946

99
Q

SPECT means

A

Single-photon emission computed tomography

100
Q

ASRT

A

American Society of Radiologic Technologist

101
Q

MRI means

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

102
Q

CT scan

A

Computed Tomography Scan

103
Q

ICRU

A

International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements

104
Q

PACS means

A

Picture Archiving and Communication System

105
Q

SQUID means

A

Superconducting Quantum Interface Device

106
Q

MEG means

A

Magnetoencephalography

107
Q

MQSA

A

Mammography Quality Standard Acts

108
Q

TFTs

A

Thin-film transistors

109
Q

CCD

A

Charge-coupled device

110
Q

PET means

A

Positron Emission Tomography

111
Q

The cardinal principles of radiation contol

A

Time
Distance
Shielding

112
Q

ALARA means

A

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

113
Q

This is inserted into x-ray tube housing so that low energy x-rays are absorbed before they reach the patient

A

Filter

114
Q

Restricts the useful x-ray beam to the part of body to be imaged and thereby separates adjacent tissue from unnecessary exposure

A

Collimation

115
Q

Intensifying screens reduce exposure to patient for how many percent?

A

95%

116
Q

True/False - abdominal and pelvic examinations is allowed for pregnant patients during its first trimester

A

False

117
Q

The projectile electron from the cathode hits the target of the ande produces

A

X-ray

118
Q

The study of interaction of matter and energy in all their diverse forms

A

Physics

119
Q

Three Basic/Building blocks of all other quantities

A

Mass
Length
Time

120
Q

They are derived from a combination of one or more of the three base quantities (mass,length, and time)

A

Secondary/derived quantities

121
Q

Quantities that are designed to support measurement in specialized areas of science and technology (ex. Radiology units)

A

Specialized quantities

122
Q

Specialized quantities of radiology

A

Exposure, dose, equivalent dose and radioactivity

123
Q

The distance between two lines

A

Line

124
Q

The meter is based on the ___________

A

Speed of light ( 1/299,792,468 second)

125
Q

What is the unit of mass?

A

Kilogram

126
Q

What are the unit of weight?

A

Newton and pound

127
Q

Mass of 1000 cm^3 of water at 4 degrees celsius is equal to

A

1 kilogram

128
Q

The standard unit of time is

A

Second (s)

129
Q

It is where the time is measured and which is capable of keeping time correctly to about 1 second in 5000 years

A

Atomic clock - based on the vibration of cesium atoms

130
Q

Two parts of measurement

A

Magnitude and unit

131
Q

Four system units

A

SI, MKS, CGS , British

132
Q

A segment of physics that deals with objects at rest (static) and objects in motion (dynamics)

A

Mechanics

133
Q

The motion of object can be described with the use of two terms:

A

Velocity and acceleration

134
Q

A measure of how fast something is moving or the rate of change of its position with time

A

Velocity or speed

135
Q

What is the formula for velocity?

A

v = d\t , d = distance , t = time

136
Q

What is the velocity/speed of light?

A

C = 3 x 10^8 m/s

137
Q

What is the formula for average velocity?

A

v = vt + v0 / 2 , vt = final velocity, v0 = initial velocity

138
Q

The rate of change of velocity with time

A

Acceleration

139
Q

It is how “quickly or slowly” the velocit is changing

A

Acceleration

140
Q

Velocity divided by time

A

Acceleration

141
Q

What is the formula for acceleration?

A

a = vt - v0 \ t , vt = final velocity, v0 = initial velocity

142
Q

Who presented the three principles of fundamental laws of motion?

A

Isaac Newton

143
Q

Newton’s first law of motion

A

Inertia

144
Q

It states that “a body will remain at rest or will continue to move with constant velocity in a straight line unless acted on by an external force”

A

Inertia

145
Q

Newton’s second law of motion

A

Force

146
Q

The mass of the object multiplied by the acceleration produced

A

Force (F)

147
Q

What is the formula for Force?

A

F = ma , m = mass, a = acceleration

148
Q

Push or pull on an object

A

Force

149
Q

The SI unit pf Force

A

Newton (N)

150
Q

Newton’s third law of motion

A

Action - reaction

151
Q

It states that “for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction”

A

Action-Reaction

152
Q

Is a force on a body caused by the pull of gravity on it

A

Weight (Wt)

153
Q

The acceleration due to gravity

A

Weight

154
Q

Mass of graviational force in Earth

A

g = 9.8 m/s^2 or 32 ft/s^2

155
Q

The product of the object’s mass and the acceleration of gravity

A

Weight

156
Q

What is the formula for weight?

A

Wt = mg

m = mass, g = acceleration of gravity

157
Q

Unit of weight

A

Newtons and pound

158
Q

The product of the mass of an object and its velocity

A

Momentum (p)

159
Q

What is the formula for momentum?

A

p = mv

m = mass, v = velocity

160
Q

True/False - the greater the velocity of an object , the more momentum the object possesses

A

True

161
Q

This is the force applied times the distance over which it is applied

A

Work

162
Q

What is the formula for work?

A

W = Fd

F = force ( N/ or lb)
D = distance
163
Q

What is the unit of work?

A

Joule (J)

164
Q

This is the rate of doing work

A

Power

165
Q

This is the time required to perform the work

A

Power

166
Q

What is the formula for power?

A

P = W/ t or Fd/t

W = work
F= force
167
Q

What is the SI unit of power?

A

J/s or also called as watt (W)

168
Q

What is the british unit of power?

A

Horsepower (hp)

169
Q

This law states that the energy may be transformed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed

A

Law of conservation of energy

170
Q

What is the unit of energy and work?

A

Joule

171
Q

What is the formula for kinetic energy?

A

KE = 1/2 mv^2

172
Q

Whats the formula for gravitational potential energy?

A

PE = mgh

h = distance above the earth’s surface

173
Q

The kinetic energy of the random motion of molecules

A

Heat

174
Q

True/False - the more motion of molecules, the less heat the object produces

A

False

175
Q

What is the unit og heat?

A

Calorie

176
Q

It is defined as the heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g of water through 1 degree celsius

A

Calorie

177
Q

Heat is tranferred by ______, _______, and __________.

A

Conduction
Convection
Radiation

178
Q

It is the transfer of heat through a material or touching

A

Conduction

179
Q

Is the mechanical transfer of “hot” molecules in a gas or liquid from one place to another

A

Convection

180
Q

The transfer of heat by the emission of infrared radiation

A

Thermal radiation

181
Q

An x-ray tube cools primarily by _________.

A

Radiation

182
Q

Temperature is measured with a____________.

A

Thermometer

183
Q

A thermometer is calibrated at two reference points

A

Freezing and boiling points of water

184
Q

What are the three scales that have been developed to measure temperature?

A

Celsius (C)
Fahrenheit (F)
Kelvin (K)

185
Q

What is the technique for converting celsius to fahrenheit, and vice versa?

A

From F to C, subtract 30 and divided by 2

From C to F , double, then add 30

186
Q

What is the formula for converting celsius to kelvin?

A

Tk = Tc + 273

187
Q

What are the two cryogens that is used for superconducting MRI - requires extreme cold?

A

Liquid nitrogen and liquid helium

188
Q

The relationship between temperature and energy is often represented as __________.

A

Energy thermometer

189
Q

A system of numbers that is based on multiples of 10

A

Decimal system

190
Q

What are the two axes on a graph?

A

X-axis (horizontal) and y-axis (vertical)

191
Q

The point where the two axes meet

A

Origin

192
Q

It is emitted by a radioactive material

A

Radiation

193
Q

what is the measurement for the quantity of radioactive material?

A

Curie

194
Q

Radiation quantity is measured in

A

Roentgen, rad, rem

195
Q

Technique for converting rad to rem to R

A

1 R = 1 rem = 1 rad

196
Q

The roentgen is equal to the radiation intensity that will create _______________ ion pairs in a cubic meter of air (lp/cm^3).

A

2.8 x 10^8

197
Q

It is the electric charge per unit mass of air

A

Roentgen (1R = 2.58 x 10^-4 C/kg)

198
Q

The unit of radiation exposure or intensity

A

Roentgen

199
Q

The quantity of radiation received by the patient , it is used for matter not just air

A

rad

200
Q

1 rad is equal to how many erg/g

A

100 erg/g

erg - unit of energy

201
Q

Radiation dose in air

A

Gy(a)

202
Q

Radiation dose in tissue

A

Gy(t)

203
Q

The quantity of radiation received by radiation workers and population

A

rem (radiation equivalent man)

204
Q

The unit of radioactivity

A

Curie (Ci)

205
Q

One curie is that quantity of radioactivity in which __________ distegrate every second

A

3.7 x 10^10 nuclei

Radiology (2 decks)

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