Concepts Flashcards
What is learning?
Acquiring KNOWLEDGE and SKILLS to have readily available from memory to make sense of future problems and opportunities
What are the immutable aspects of learning?
1 - Requires memory
2 - Need to learn/remember throughout lifetime
3 - Acquired skill
What are two benefits of the act of retrieving?
1 - Tells you what you know and don’t know
2 - Causes brain to reconsolidate the memory
What does reconsolidation do?
Strengthens connections to what you already know, making it easier to recall in future
What is one of the best habits for learning?
Self-quizzing
What does self-quizzing do?
Re-calibrates understanding of what is known
In what 3 ways does reflection lead to stronger learning?
1 - Retrieves knowledge from your memory
2 - Connects the knowledge to new experiences
3 - Via visualization and mental rehearsal of what can be done differently in future
What makes retrieval most effective as a learning tool?
1 - Repeated retrieval practice
2 - Spaced out sessions
3 - Effort
Why does spacing practice sessions make retrieval more effective?
Cognitive effort improves recall
How does repeated recall help learning?
Integrates learning into mental models in which a set of interrelated ideas are fuzed into a meaningful whole that can be adapted and applied in later settings
Which type of feedback yields better learning - delayed or immediate?
Delayed
What is consolidation?
The process of strengthening mental representations for long-term memory
What is interleaved practice?
Studying related skills or concepts in parallel
What is an example of varied practice?
Bean bag basket distance differences
What is spaced/interval practice?
Allowing gaps between practice sessions
What is conceptual knowledge?
Requires an understanding of the interrelationships of the basic elements within a larger structure that enable them to function together
What is reflection?
Form of retrieval practice - the act of taking a few minutes to review what has been learned and ask questions about it
What is elaboration?
Connecting new knowledge to what you know
What is encoding?
The process of converting sensory perceptions into meaningful representations in the brain
What are memory traces?
New representations in the brain
What is generation?
The act of trying to answer a question or attempting to solve a problem rather than being presented with the information or solution
What is working memory?
The amount of information you can hold in a mind while working through a problem, especially while distracted
What enables better discrimination?
Varied and intervleaved practice
What makes knowledge deeply entrenched?
1 - Firm and thorough comprehension of a concept
2 - Understanding of its practical importance of emotional weight
3 - Connection with other knowledge held in memory
How readily knowledge is recalled is determined by what?
1 - Context
2 - Recent use
3 - Number/vividness of associated cues
What is the inverse relationship b/w ease of retrieval practice and the power of practice to entrench learning?
1 - The easier the knowledge/skill is retrieved, the less retrieval practice benefits your retrieval of it.
2 - The more effort you have to expend to retrieve knowledge or skill, the more the practice of retrieval will entrench it.
What happens when learning is make pliable again during focused, effortful recall?
1 - Salient aspects become clearer
2 - Consequent reconsolidating helps to reinforce meaning
3 - Strengthening of connections to prior knowledge
4 - Bolstering of cues and retrieval routes for later recall 5 - Weakening of competing routes
How does spaced practice improved retrieval?
Allowing for forgetting to occur between sessions strengthens both the learning and the cues and routes for retrieval when learning is needed again.
What is a mental model?
Complex set of interrelated ideas fused into a meaningful whole.
To broaden mastery, what can you do?
1 - Practice retrieval at different times
2 - Practice retrieval in different contexts
3 - Interleave material
Broadening mastery has what key benefit?
Increase of versatility with which knowledge can be applied
The difficulty produced by interleaving provides what boost to learning?
Heightened sensitivity to similarities and differences leading to encoding of more complex and nuanced representations of material
Why do spacing, interleaving, and variation improve transfer of learning?
By mimicking the challenges of everyday settings in which retrieval settings are different
How does priming the mind for learning work?
When struggling with solving a problem before being shown how to solve it, the solution is better learning and more durably remembered knowledge
What is the difference b/w desirable v. undesirable difficulty?
Desirable trigger encoding and retrieval processes that support learning, comprehending, and remembering; while undesirable difficulties are those that cannot be overcome or do not strengthen skills you will need
What are the 6 ways to strengthen learning and retention?
1 - Testing 2 - Spacing practice 3 - Interleaving material 4 - Variation 5 - Generation 6 - Contextual interference (disruption of fluency)
