Concepts

Question 1

What is learning?

Answer 1

Acquiring KNOWLEDGE and SKILLS to have readily available from memory to make sense of future problems and opportunities

Question 2

What are the immutable aspects of learning?

Answer 2

1 - Requires memory
2 - Need to learn/remember throughout lifetime
3 - Acquired skill

Question 3

What are two benefits of the act of retrieving?

Answer 3

1 - Tells you what you know and don’t know

2 - Causes brain to reconsolidate the memory

Question 4

What does reconsolidation do?

Answer 4

Strengthens connections to what you already know, making it easier to recall in future

Question 5

What is one of the best habits for learning?

Answer 5

Self-quizzing

Question 6

What does self-quizzing do?

Answer 6

Re-calibrates understanding of what is known

Question 7

In what 3 ways does reflection lead to stronger learning?

Answer 7

1 - Retrieves knowledge from your memory
2 - Connects the knowledge to new experiences
3 - Via visualization and mental rehearsal of what can be done differently in future

Question 8

What makes retrieval most effective as a learning tool?

Answer 8

1 - Repeated retrieval practice
2 - Spaced out sessions
3 - Effort

Question 9

Why does spacing practice sessions make retrieval more effective?

Answer 9

Cognitive effort improves recall

Question 10

How does repeated recall help learning?

Answer 10

Integrates learning into mental models in which a set of interrelated ideas are fuzed into a meaningful whole that can be adapted and applied in later settings

Question 11

Which type of feedback yields better learning - delayed or immediate?

Answer 11

Delayed

Question 12

What is consolidation?

Answer 12

The process of strengthening mental representations for long-term memory

Question 13

What is interleaved practice?

Answer 13

Studying related skills or concepts in parallel

Question 14

What is an example of varied practice?

Answer 14

Bean bag basket distance differences

Question 15

What is spaced/interval practice?

Answer 15

Allowing gaps between practice sessions

Question 16

What is conceptual knowledge?

Answer 16

Requires an understanding of the interrelationships of the basic elements within a larger structure that enable them to function together

Question 17

What is reflection?

Answer 17

Form of retrieval practice - the act of taking a few minutes to review what has been learned and ask questions about it

Question 18

What is elaboration?

Answer 18

Connecting new knowledge to what you know

Question 19

What is encoding?

Answer 19

The process of converting sensory perceptions into meaningful representations in the brain

Question 20

What are memory traces?

Answer 20

New representations in the brain

Question 21

What is generation?

Answer 21

The act of trying to answer a question or attempting to solve a problem rather than being presented with the information or solution

Question 22

What is working memory?

Answer 22

The amount of information you can hold in a mind while working through a problem, especially while distracted

Question 23

What enables better discrimination?

Answer 23

Varied and intervleaved practice

Question 24

What makes knowledge deeply entrenched?

Answer 24

1 - Firm and thorough comprehension of a concept
2 - Understanding of its practical importance of emotional weight
3 - Connection with other knowledge held in memory

Question 25

How readily knowledge is recalled is determined by what?

Answer 25

1 - Context
2 - Recent use
3 - Number/vividness of associated cues

Question 26

What is the inverse relationship b/w ease of retrieval practice and the power of practice to entrench learning?

Answer 26

1 - The easier the knowledge/skill is retrieved, the less retrieval practice benefits your retrieval of it.
2 - The more effort you have to expend to retrieve knowledge or skill, the more the practice of retrieval will entrench it.

Question 27

What happens when learning is make pliable again during focused, effortful recall?

Answer 27

1 - Salient aspects become clearer
2 - Consequent reconsolidating helps to reinforce meaning
3 - Strengthening of connections to prior knowledge
4 - Bolstering of cues and retrieval routes for later recall 5 - Weakening of competing routes

Question 28

How does spaced practice improved retrieval?

Answer 28

Allowing for forgetting to occur between sessions strengthens both the learning and the cues and routes for retrieval when learning is needed again.

Question 29

What is a mental model?

Answer 29

Complex set of interrelated ideas fused into a meaningful whole.

Question 30

To broaden mastery, what can you do?

Answer 30

1 - Practice retrieval at different times
2 - Practice retrieval in different contexts
3 - Interleave material

Question 31

Broadening mastery has what key benefit?

Answer 31

Increase of versatility with which knowledge can be applied

Question 32

The difficulty produced by interleaving provides what boost to learning?

Answer 32

Heightened sensitivity to similarities and differences leading to encoding of more complex and nuanced representations of material

Question 33

Why do spacing, interleaving, and variation improve transfer of learning?

Answer 33

By mimicking the challenges of everyday settings in which retrieval settings are different

Question 34

How does priming the mind for learning work?

Answer 34

When struggling with solving a problem before being shown how to solve it, the solution is better learning and more durably remembered knowledge

Question 35

What is the difference b/w desirable v. undesirable difficulty?

Answer 35

Desirable trigger encoding and retrieval processes that support learning, comprehending, and remembering; while undesirable difficulties are those that cannot be overcome or do not strengthen skills you will need

Question 36

What are the 6 ways to strengthen learning and retention?

Answer 36

1 - Testing
2 - Spacing practice
3 - Interleaving material
4 - Variation
5 - Generation 
6 - Contextual interference (disruption of fluency)