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J - POL S 230 (2/2) > Concepts > Flashcards

Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 definitions of democracy?

A

Procedural and substantive.

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2
Q

What is procedural democracy?

A

Specifies minimum electoral criteria, and focuses on the process.

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3
Q

What is substantive democracy?

A

Stresses the goals of a democratic regime; the common good. Focus is on the outcome.

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4
Q

What does procedural democracy believe?

A

If you follow democratic principles, the final result will be democratic.

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5
Q

Why is procedural democracy problematic?

A

It can take advantage of minorities while following majority rules, as was the case in the Jim Crow Laws.

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6
Q

Why is substantive democracy more complicated than procedural democracy?

A

Principles must be defined and agreed upon.

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7
Q

Which type of democracy is most common in CP?

A

Procedural democracies.

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8
Q

Why are procedural democracies more common than substantive democracies?

A

Measuring the outcome of democratization is difficult.

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9
Q

Who came up with the idea of polyarchy?

A

Dahl.

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10
Q

What is polyarchy?

A

An idea by Dahl, used to describe a form of government where power is invested in various people. Many rule.

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11
Q

What is the thin procedural definition of polyarchy?

A

Contains only the participatory pillar (political rights).

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12
Q

What is the thick procedural definition of polyarchy?

A

Adds to the thin definition by adding the constitutional pillar (constitutional and civil liberties).

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13
Q

Why is combining the substantive and procedural definitions of democracy difficult?

A

The principles of democracies must be defined and agreed upon.

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14
Q

What are illiberal democracies?

A

Voting occurs, but none of the values are consistent with that.

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15
Q

Illiberal democracies combine ___ ___ with limits on…

A

Popular elections, individual rights and freedoms.

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16
Q

In liberal democracies, ___ precedes ___.

A

Constitutionalism, participation.

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17
Q

What is constitutionalism?

A

The idea that the government should be limited in its powers by law or constitution.

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18
Q

Are illiberal democracies increasing or decreasing?

A

Decreasing.

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19
Q

What is totalitarianism?

A

The most extreme form of dictatorship.

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20
Q

In totalitarianism, there is an entrenching of…

A

Political ideological leadership.

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21
Q

What did Mussolini say about the state?

A

“Everything in the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.” - Mussolini

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22
Q

Ideological indoctrination is associated with ___.

A

Totalitarianism.

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23
Q

What is authoritarianism?

A

A less extreme form of dictatorship when compared to totalitarians.

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24
Q

In authoritarianism, there is limited ___ ___.

A

Political pluralism.

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25
Q

Compared to totalitarianism, in authoritarianism, there is a lack of…

A

Regime-guiding ideology and political mass-mobilization.

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26
Q

Authoritarianism can alternatively be defined as countries that are…

A

Not democracies.

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27
Q

What are the two types of rule in authoritarian states?

A

Personal or organizational.

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28
Q

What is personal rule?

A

An authoritarian state that rules through monarchies or dictators.

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29
Q

What is organizational rule?

A

An authoritarian state that rules through military (open or disguised) or one party.

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30
Q

Authoritarian states rule based on…

A

Religion, ideology, or democratic claims.

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31
Q

Democratic claims in authoritarian states can be…

A

Non-competitive or semi-competitive.

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32
Q

What are 2 possible conclusion to authoritarian regimes?

A

Extinction or evolution.

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33
Q

How does the evolution theory propose authoritarianism will move forward?

A

Authoritarian regimes have the ability to evolve into new forms, and will come back.

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34
Q

How does the extinction theory propose authoritarianism will move forward?

A

Authoritarian regimes will fall over time and democracy will prevail.

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35
Q

What are semi-authoritarian regimes?

A

Political hybrid between authoritarianism and democracy that allows for minimal party competition and reduced accountability.

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36
Q

What is the Reverse Wave Theory?

A

A wave is propelling countries towards democratization. Some reach the beach and others fall off in hopes of being pushed forward in the future.

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37
Q

What does Reverse Wave Theory assume?

A

The failure of socialist regimes automatically means the triumph of democracy.

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38
Q

Who was the Rentier State Theory developed by?

A

Mohdavy.

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39
Q

What is the Rentier State Theory?

A

A theory in which the state derives most or all of its natural revenues from the rent of indigenous resources to external clients.

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40
Q

Which theory discusses the resonance of authoritarian regimes in the Middle East?

A

Rentier State Theory.

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41
Q

What is rent?

A

Money that is accumulated by allowing foreign powers access to resources.

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42
Q

What is contrived rent?

A

When the government decides that demand for certain products is high, and withdraw that product from the free market to make the price go up.

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43
Q

What is the most common resource referred to in Rentier State Theory?

A

Oil.

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44
Q

Name the 4 assumptions made in Rentier State Theory.

A
  1. Pure rentier economies do not exist.
  2. Rent must come from external sources.
  3. Generation of this rent/wealth must be controlled by a few selected or elected people.
  4. Mosti importantly, the state’s government is the principle recipient of the external rent.
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45
Q

The state provides, and feels that there would be less demands by the people because they provide. Is this the case?

A

No.

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46
Q

What is political culture?

A

A collective property anchored in the political values, attitudes, beliefs, norms, and habits of individuals.

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47
Q

As a collective property, ___ ___ describes mass patterns in these individual values, attitudes, and habits.

A

Political culture.

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48
Q

How is political culture measured?

A

Using the World Values Survey.

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49
Q

What is the World Values Survey?

A

A set of questions and opinion polls that measures how liberal or conservative a society is.

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50
Q

What is measured in the World Values Survey?

A

Political opinions and values.

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51
Q

Who came up with the idea of materialist vs. post-materialist values?

A

Inglehart.

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52
Q

What are materialist values?

A

Related to the physical economic security, extension of values, and needs.

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53
Q

Materialist values are more common in ___ regimes.

A

Authoritarian.

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54
Q

Materialist values focus on collective needs. True or false?

A

False, materialist values focus on individual physical needs, such as safety and survival.

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55
Q

Why are people more inclined to satisfy materialist needs before they consider post-materialist needs?

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of human goals.

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56
Q

Post-materialist values focus on…

A

Autonomy and self-expression.

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57
Q

Post-materialist values include the need for ___ ___.

A

Self-recognition.

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58
Q

What are some values held by people who focus on post-materialist needs?

A

Aesthetic, intellectual, belonging, and esteem.

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59
Q

People living in poverty are more likely to care about post-materialist needs. True or false?

A

False.

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60
Q

Post-materialist values are more common in ___ regimes.

A

Democratic.

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61
Q

When considering Intergenerational Value Change, what else do you need to consider?

A

What political culture is, and the difference between materialist and post-materialist values.

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62
Q

Research shows how older cohorts preferred ___ values, because…

A

Materialist, economy was not doing as well, and war was going on.

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63
Q

Younger generations take for granted ___ values.

A

Materialist.

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64
Q

What are the 2 hypothesis surrounding intergenerational shifts?

A
  1. Scarcity hypothesis.

2. Socialization hypothesis.

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65
Q

What is the scarcity hypothesis?

A

You need to satisfy the most pressing need that there is. There is more emphasis on what you perceive to be important.

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66
Q

What is the socialization hypothesis?

A

How an individual is raised determines the priorities that they hold. Someone who is raised in a more protective household in a dangerous society might priorities safety more than someone who is raised in a safer, more liberal society.

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67
Q

What is political communication?

A

An interactive process concerning the transmission of information among politicians, the media, and the public.

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68
Q

What are the 3 eras of political communication?

A
  1. Classical.
  2. Modern.
  3. Third-Age.
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69
Q

What is the classic era of political communication.

A

Face to face conversations and interactions.

70
Q

What is the modern era of political communication?

A

Television.

71
Q

What is the third-age of political communication?

A

Texts, new technology.

72
Q

Has everyone achieved the third-age of political communication?

A

No, some third world countries are not yet there.

73
Q

What are political parties?

A

Political organization that seek to influence policy, typically by getting candidates.

74
Q

What are interest groups?

A

Make demands of political systems on behalf of their members.

75
Q

What is interest articulation?

A

When groups express demands, closely related to interest groups.

76
Q

What is interest aggregation?

A

When individuals and groups bring preferences together to make collective decisions, often through political parties and the party system.

77
Q

What are the 3 structures of political parties?

A
  1. Elite parties.
  2. Mass parties,
  3. Catch-all parties.
78
Q

What are elite parties?

A

Political parties emerged as elite parties with limited scope and limited membership.

79
Q

What are mass parties?

A

Mass membership and mass scope.

80
Q

Give examples of mass parties.

A

Socialism or communism.

81
Q

What are catch-all parties?

A

Parties that are flexible in ideological position in order to attract more voters.

82
Q

What are the 3 types of party systems?

A
  1. Dominant party system.
  2. Two party system.
  3. Multi-party system.
83
Q

What is the dominant party system?

A

Where 1 party dominates.

84
Q

Can dominant party systems be seen in democracies, authoritarian regimes, or both?

A

Both.

85
Q

Give examples of how a dominant party system can be found in both democracies and authoritarian regimes.

A

The Chinese Communist Party is an authoritarian example. while the Japanese Liberal Democratic Party is a democratic example.

86
Q

What are some arguments for the dominant party system?

A

Asian Values Argument, African Ethnic Specificities Argument.

87
Q

What is the Asian Values Argument?

A

Western values emphasize individual rights, while Asian values emphasizes community values. As a result, the dominant party system is favourable in Asian cultures.

88
Q

What is the African Ethnic Specificities Argument?

A

Africa is so ethnically diverse that a multi-party system will only result in ethnic conflict. Multiparty systems can be do divisive.

89
Q

What is the two party system?

A

A political party system consisting of two significant parties that have a duopoly on opportunities to govern.

90
Q

Give an example that utilizes the two party system.

A

The United States.

91
Q

What is a multi-party system?

A

A political party system consisting of more than two significant parties that have the opportunities to govern.

92
Q

What is the main critique of the multi-party system?

A

Instability.

93
Q

What political party system is most common in liberal democracies?

A

Multi-party system.

94
Q

What are the 2 types of multi-party systems?

A
  1. Fragmentation.

2. Concentration.

95
Q

What is fragmentation in multi-party systems?

A

The extent to which political power and representation in a party system is characterized by relatively large numbers of relatively small parties.

96
Q

What is concentration in multi-party systems?

A

The extent to which political power and representation in a party system is characterized by relatively small numbers of relatively large parties.

97
Q

What are the 3 reasons that social movements emerge?

A
  1. Classical.
  2. Resource deprivation.
  3. Political process.
98
Q

What is the classical reason that social movements emerge?

A

People need to have grievances, and take them to the street.

99
Q

What is the resource deprivation reason that social movements emerge?

A

People have the resources (like international audiences) to fight back.

100
Q

What is the political process reason that social movements emerge?

A

People need to have grievances, resources, and framing of those grievances as unjust.

101
Q

What is the median voter?

A

The voter who is theoretically exactly in the middle of the distribution of voters.

102
Q

What are key points about median voters?

A
  • The voter is on the line, and can go either way.

- Parties go towards the middle to attract these voters.

103
Q

What is bimodal voter distribution?

A

Many voters are fairly conservative and many are fairly liberal.

104
Q

What is strategic voting?

A

The practice of voting in a way that does not reflect one’s ideal preference in order to prevent electoral outcomes one thinks are worse.

105
Q

Voting for the second best candidate rather than one’s favourite candidate one thinks cannot win is an example of ___ ___.

A

Strategic voting.

106
Q

Give an example of a strategic voting movement.

A

ABC (Anything But Conservative).

107
Q

What is party system institutionalization.

A

The degree to which a party system is stable and remains so over time.

108
Q

How is party system institutionalization measured?

A
  • The persistence of parties.
  • The stability of their ideologies.
  • The degree to which they are distinct from the specific individual that leads them.
109
Q

Parties are more institutionalized in ___ democracies and less institutionalized in ___ ___ democracies.

A

Longstanding, less established.

110
Q

Russia is an example of how, even in the absence of single party rule, a poorly institutionalized party system can facilitate…

A

Authoritarian tendencies.

111
Q

What are some critiques about political parties? (Give 2).

A
  1. Political parties are subject to the “iron law of oligarchy.”
  2. They come to be dominated from the top down (by the leader) through the psychology of leadership.
112
Q

What is the welfare state?

A

The product of the interplay between political equality and economic inequality.

113
Q

According to Andersen, what is the key goal of the welfare state?

A

The de-commodification of its citizens.

114
Q

Where did the welfare state originate?

A

France and Germany, who experimented with the social welfare system, and in the English Poor Law of 1815.

115
Q

What are the 3 theoretical perspectives concerning the emergence of the welfare state?

A
  1. Cultural changes.
  2. Industrial capitalism.
  3. Class mobilization.
116
Q

How did cultural changes contribute to the emergence of the welfare state?

A

The welfare state emerged because of changing values and norms. Social values could be corrected, and the idea of social rights emerged.

117
Q

How did industrial capitalism contribute to the emergence of the welfare state?

A

The welfare state is an answer to the problems created by capitalism. Risks of industrialization, such as employment, and the lack of sustenance of mutual assistance.

118
Q

How did class mobilization contribute to the emergence of the welfare state?

A

The welfare state is the outcome of political struggles between social classes and their political organizations. The main driving force was the labour movement.

119
Q

What are the 4 dimensions of variation among welfare states?

A
  1. Tax vs. contribution financed.
  2. Protection of citizens vs. protection of workers.
  3. Acquired rights vs. need based.
  4. Minimum standard vs. standard of living.
120
Q

What are the 5 most influential typologies of welfare states developed by Andersen?

A
  1. Anglo-Saxon Liberal Welfare Model.
  2. Scandinavian Social Democratic Welfare Model.
  3. Continental Conservative Welfare Model.
  4. Southern European Welfare Model.
  5. Australian Welfare Model.
121
Q

Describe the dimensions of variation for the Anglo-Saxon Liberal Welfare Model.

A
  • Tax financed.
  • Citizens.
  • Minimum standard.
122
Q

Describe the dimensions of variation for the Scandinavian Social Democratic Welfare Model.

A
  • Tax financed.
  • Citizens.
  • Standard of living.
123
Q

Describe the dimensions of variation for the Continental Conservative Welfare Model.

A
  • Contribution financed.
  • Employment (not citizenship).
  • Standard of living.
124
Q

Describe how the Southern European Welfare Model alters the Continental Conservative Welfare Model.

A

High level of pension spending.

125
Q

Describe how the Australian Welfare Model alters the Continental Conservative Welfare Model.

A

There are more preventative welfare measures, and there is the idea that there is no need for unemployment benefits if employment is protected.

126
Q

Give examples of countries that use the Anglo-Saxon Liberal Welfare Model.

A

U.S., U.K..

127
Q

Give examples of countries that use the Scandinavian Social Democratic Welfare Model.

A

Sweden.

128
Q

Give examples of countries that use the Continental Conservative Welfare Model.

A

Germany.

129
Q

Give examples of countries that use the Southern European Welfare Model.

A

France.

130
Q

Give examples of countries that use the Australian Welfare Model.

A

Australia.

131
Q

What is the efficiency hypothesis?

A

The high levels of social welfare are unsustainable.

132
Q

What are the two opposing hypothesis concerning welfare states?

A
  1. Efficiency hypothesis.

2. Compensation hypothesis.

133
Q

What is the compensation hypothesis?

A

Welfare states are a compensation for the risks of economic openness.

134
Q

Which welfare hypothesis would the following statement support?: Welfare spending will not be sustainable in an increasingly globalized world, as there is less people to put money into the system to make it work.

A

Efficiency hypothesis.

135
Q

Which welfare hypothesis would the following statement support?: Welfare needs to compensate for those who lose from globalization, and need to train people to be competitive in a globalized world.

A

Compensation hypothesis.

136
Q

What are the 3 views concerning the influence of globalization?

A
  1. Retreat of the state view.
  2. State centric view.
  3. Pragmatic view.
137
Q

What is the retreat of the state view concerning the influence of globalization?

A

The state is losing power and influence in an increasingly globalized world.

138
Q

What is the state centric view concerning the influence of globalization?

A

State importance will remain in a globalized world. They have even managed to expand their capacities for regulation and control.

139
Q

What is the pragmatic view concerning the influence of globalization?

A

Process of state transformation. The state is neither dead nor growing, but transforming. State is winning in that their power has increased in certain spheres, but are losing as they are losing power in certain spheres.

140
Q

When comparing post-modern, weak post-colonial, and modernizing states, what are the 4 dimensions examined?

A
  1. Economy.
  2. Politics.
  3. Nationhood.
  4. Sovereignty.
141
Q

Describe the economy of a post-modern state.

A

Increasingly embedded in cross-border networks, “shallow integration” (international trade) is replaced by “deep integration” (global production chains).

142
Q

Describe the politics of a post-modern state.

A

National government is replaced by multi-level governance.

143
Q

Describe the nationhood of a post-modern state.

A

Creation of identity is increasingly becoming an individual project.

144
Q

Describe how the creation of identity is increasingly becoming an individual project in post-modern states.

A

Globalization reinforces collective identities above and below the nation. There is evidence of a western civic identity, but also of resistant identities.

145
Q

Give an example of resistant identities to western civic identities.

A

ISIS.

146
Q

In an increasingly globalized world, who are civil rights granted by?

A

Not just at the sovereign state level, but also at the global level.

147
Q

Describe the sovereignty of a post-modern state.

A

The most important feature of sovereignty- the rule of non-intervention- is challenged in a world of multi-level governance. However it is still the states who give consent to comply with supra-national regulation.

148
Q

Describe the economy of a weak post-colonial state.

A

In some countries, more than half of the state budget is under through Official Development Assistance.

149
Q

Describe the politics of a weak post-colonial state.

A

There is a lack of stateless, as colonial powers focus on maximizing their profit and ignore the developing state’s political and economic institutions.

150
Q

Post-colonial states are characterized by ___ institutional structures and a system of personal rule without ambitions to provide ___ ___.

A

Weak, public goods.

151
Q

Describe the nationhood of a weak post-colonial state.

A

There is a lack of nation-ness. Ethnic identities connected to tribal, religious, and similar characteristics continue to dominate over the national identity.

152
Q

Describe the sovereignty of a weak post-colonial state.

A

Weak. They only enjoy formal sovereignty in the form of constitutional independence. They are not sovereign with respect to the principle of non-intervention, nor their ability to maintain reciprocity.

153
Q

What are modernizing states?

A

States that combine modern, post-modern, and weak post-colonial states.

154
Q

Modernizing implies that these states are in the process of transition, which can move in…

A

Different directions.

155
Q

Give an example of modernizing states.

A

BRIC nations.

156
Q

What does BRIC stand for?

A

Brazil, Russia, India, China.

157
Q

How do modernizing states become global competitors?

A

They become attractive to FDI’s, and by using there “one” global players, which facilitates integration into global markets.

158
Q

What are some problems in modernizing states?

A

Poor working conditions, rising inequality, and environmental problems.

159
Q

Explain how economic liberalization might eventually lead to political liberalization.

A

Elite classes will want to safeguard their economic interest so they will try to curb the political influence of the ruling group, holding them accountable. This happened in the case of the Magna Carta.

160
Q

Who developed the Clash of Civilization Thesis?

A

Huntington.

161
Q

What is the Clash of Civilization Thesis?

A

The fundamental source of conflict in this new world (post-Cold War) will not be primarily ideological or economic, but the great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural.

162
Q

In the Clash of Civilizations Thesis, where is the next conflict?

A

Not in politics or economy, but in culture.

163
Q

What are civilizations?

A

The largest entity with which a person can identify short of human.

164
Q

What are two levels at which civilizations could clash?

A

Micro and macro level.

165
Q

How would civilizations clash at the micro-level?

A

Within states.

166
Q

How would civilizations clash at the macro-level?

A

Between states.

167
Q

Where will the central axis of conflict be at the macro-level?

A

The West and the rest.

168
Q

Between the West and the rest, who will win?

A

Western civilizations using military and economic resources.

169
Q

When the West is triumphant over the rest, how will states respond?

A
  • Joining the West.
  • Isolation (North Korea).
  • Balancing Western power.
170
Q

Empirical relevancy

A

A central focus for the immediate future will be between the West and several Islamic-Confucian states.

171
Q

Who came up with the End of History Thesis?

A

Fukuyama.

172
Q

What is the End of History Thesis?

A

The end of the Cold War signalled the end of the progression of human history, the victory of liberal democracy, and the discrediting of alternative “ism,” such as communist or fascism.

J - POL S 230 (2/2) (1 decks)

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