Concepts Flashcards
Expectancy Effect
Our ability to sharpen things that are consistent with what we expect to see, and level those things that are inconsistent.
Fundamental Cognitive Error
- We don’t recognize that we’ve made an interpretation & 2. There are a million other ways that it could have been interpreted.
Flashed Face Distortion Effect
It is an optical illusion involving the fast-paced presentation of eye-aligned faces
Naive Realism
The notion that with the exception of a few tricks or illusions, the world is essentially as it appears.
Planning Fallacy
It is tendency for people and organizations to underestimate how long they will need to complete a task, even when they have experience of similar tasks over-running.
Above Average Effect
The tendency to see ourselves as being above average in every respect.
Cognitive Dissonance Reduction
We are motivated to reduce dissonance in situations by adjusting our beliefs to be in line with our actions.
Immune Neglect
The concept of being good at rationalizing, explaining away and making things better than we think we could
Confirmation Bias
It is the tendency of people to favor information that confirms their beliefs or hypotheses.
Heuristics
A mental shortcut that allows people to solve problems and make judgments quickly and efficiently.
Availability Heuristics
It is the tendency to judge frequency by the ease with which instances come to mind.
Representative Heuristics
The tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the extent to which it resembles the typical case.
Anchoring
It is a cognitive bias that describes the common human tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered (the “anchor”) when making decisions.
System 1 Thinking
It’s fast, effortless and automatic
System 2 Thinking
It’s slow, effortful and deliberative
Retrieval Practice
It is the act of calling information to mind rather than rereading it or hearing it
Distributed Practice
It is a learning strategy, where practice is broken up into a number of short sessions - over a longer period of time.
Spacing effect
It states that we learn material more effectively and easily when we study it several times spaced out over a longer time span, rather than trying to learn it in a short period of time.
Cramming
It is the practice of working intensively to absorb large volumes of informational material in short amounts of time.
Desirable Difficulties
It is the concept of introducing certain difficulties into the learning process which can greatly improve long-term retention of the learned material
