Concepts Flashcards
What is the definition of quantitative research?
A systematic investigation that focuses on numerical data, statistical analysis, and objective measurements.
What is the purpose of quantitative research?
To identify patterns, test hypotheses, and make data-driven decisions.
What are common uses of quantitative research in business?
Market research, financial forecasting, operational efficiency analysis, and customer behavior studies.
What is descriptive research?
Describes characteristics of a population (e.g., surveys on customer satisfaction).
What is correlational research?
Examines relationships between variables (e.g., impact of price on sales).
What is experimental research?
Tests cause-and-effect relationships using control and treatment groups.
What is quasi-experimental research?
Similar to experimental research but lacks full randomization.
What are surveys and questionnaires?
Structured questions with fixed response options.
What are experiments in data collection?
Controlled settings to test hypotheses.
What is observational research?
Recording behaviors without direct interaction.
What is secondary data analysis?
Using existing data (e.g., financial reports, government databases).
What is probability sampling?
Every individual has a known chance of selection.
What is simple random sampling?
Equal probability for all members.
What is stratified sampling?
Population divided into subgroups (e.g., by age, income).
What is systematic sampling?
Every nth individual is chosen.
What is non-probability sampling?
Not all individuals have an equal chance.
What is convenience sampling?
Based on availability.
What is judgmental sampling?
Selected based on expertise.
What are descriptive statistics?
Summarizes data (mean, median, mode, standard deviation).
What are inferential statistics?
Draws conclusions beyond sample data (hypothesis testing, regression analysis).
What is correlation and regression?
Measures relationships between variables.
What is ANOVA?
Compares means across multiple groups.
What is a null hypothesis (H₀)?
Assumes no effect or relationship.
What is an alternative hypothesis (H₁)?
Suggests a significant effect or relationship.
What is a p-value?
Determines statistical significance (p < 0.05 is typically considered significant).
What are T-Tests and Z-Tests?
Compare sample means.
What are common statistical tools for data analysis?
SPSS, R, Python (Pandas, NumPy, SciPy), Excel (Pivot Tables, Data Analysis Toolpak), Power BI, Tableau.
What is informed consent?
Participants must voluntarily agree to the study.
What are confidentiality and privacy in research?
Data should be protected.
What does avoiding bias mean in research?
Ensuring objective and fair research.
