concepts Flashcards
What is cultural adaptation?
Cultural adaptation refers to how individuals or groups adjust to a new cultural environment.
What is assimilation in cultural adaptation?
Individuals fully adopt the culture of the dominant group, often at the expense of their original culture.
Example: Immigrants abandoning their native language to speak only the language of their new country.
What is integration in cultural adaptation?
Combining elements of one’s original culture with aspects of the new culture, maintaining a balance.
Example: Bilingual families using both their native and adopted languages at home.
What is separation in cultural adaptation?
Individuals reject the new culture and retain their original cultural identity, minimizing contact with the host culture.
Example: Ethnic enclaves where people live and interact primarily within their own community.
What is marginalization in cultural adaptation?
Individuals reject both their original culture and the new culture, feeling disconnected from either.
Example: Refugees who feel alienated from their homeland and their host country.
What is acculturation in cultural adaptation?
Individuals adopt certain elements of the new culture while retaining aspects of their original culture.
Example: Wearing Western clothing while celebrating traditional festivals.
What is transculturation in cultural adaptation?
A reciprocal process where both cultures influence and adapt to each other.
Example: The blending of indigenous and colonial traditions in Latin American cuisine.
What is structuralism in psychology?
Focuses on the structure of the mind and its components, studying the basic elements of consciousness.
Example: Analyzing the sensation of taste by breaking it into sweet, sour, bitter, and salty components.
What is functionalism in psychology?
Focuses on the purpose and function of mental processes and behavior in adapting to the environment.
Example: Studying why humans experience emotions like fear and how fear contributes to survival.
What is psychoanalysis in psychology?
Focuses on the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior, shaped by unconscious drives and conflicts.
Example: Exploring how repressed childhood trauma influences adult relationships.
What is humanism in psychology?
Focuses on personal growth, free will, and self-actualization, emphasizing that humans are inherently good.
Example: Helping a person achieve self-fulfillment by identifying their goals and potential.
What is cognitive psychology?
Focuses on mental processes like perception, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making.
Example: Investigating how memory works or why people make certain choices under pressure.
What are the four processes crucial to observational learning?
The four key processes are attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
What is attention in observational learning?
To learn through observation, one must pay attention to the model’s behavior.
Example: A student watching a teacher demonstrate a math problem carefully.
What is retention in observational learning?
The observed behavior must be remembered to reproduce it later.
Example: Memorizing the steps of a cooking recipe seen in a video.
What is reproduction in observational learning?
The learner must have the physical and mental ability to replicate the behavior.
Example: A gymnast practicing a routine they watched during training.
What is motivation in observational learning?
The learner needs a reason to imitate the observed behavior, often influenced by rewards or consequences.
Example: A child copying a sibling’s behavior to earn praise from their parents.
What is sociology?
Sociology studies socialization, group behavior, and societal norms.
What is socialization in sociology?
The lifelong process of learning cultural norms, values, and behaviors necessary for participation in society.
Example: A child learning manners from their parents.
What is group conformity in sociology?
The tendency to align behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs with group norms.
Example: Dressing similarly to peers to fit in socially.
What are social norms?
Unwritten rules or expectations for behavior within a society or group.
What are the types of social norms?
Folkways (everyday customs) and mores (stronger norms tied to morality).
What are rules in sociology?
Explicit guidelines for behavior enforced within organizations or societies.
Example: School policies or workplace codes of conduct.
What are sanctions in sociology?
Rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms.
What are positive sanctions?
Rewards like praise or promotions.
What are negative sanctions?
Punishments like fines or social ostracism.
