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Biopsychosocial > Concepts > Flashcards

Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

A biomedical approach to illness focuses on a separation of what?

A

Physical and mental illnesses

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2
Q

What factor lies at the centre of the biopsychosocial model?

A

Mental health

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3
Q

Why is the BPS model important?

A

Acknowledges the impact of psychological and social components on biological illness, and vice versa.

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4
Q

What are the three stages of general adaptation syndrome, in relation to stress?

A

Alarm, resistance and exhaustion

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5
Q

What is eustress?

A

Positive reactions to stress

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6
Q

What is the opposite to eustress?

A

Distress

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7
Q

What is the eustress curve?

A

A dome shaped graph that describes the effect of too little or too much stimulation on behaviour and stress levels.

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8
Q

What is allostatic load?

A

The cumulative effect of chronic stress on the body.

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9
Q

Name some models of resiliency

A

Compensatory, protective and challenge

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10
Q

Which model of resiliency suggests that previous exposure to stressors can improve resilience to stressors afterwards?

A

Challenge

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11
Q

Which model of resiliency suggests that people can negate the negative effects of stress by making positive choices?

A

Compensatory

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12
Q

Isolation from ____ support can reduce _______ to stress

A

Social, Resilience

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13
Q

What is hypervigilance in IBS?

A

Where a person has a heightened awareness of their symptoms and can induce symptoms by stressing about it.

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14
Q

What is the equation for absolute risk?

A

The number of health events in a group A / number of people in group A

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15
Q

What is the equation for risk ratio or relative risk?

A

risk of health event in group A / risk of health event in group B

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16
Q

What are heuristics?

A

shortcuts to decision-making that allow us to judge situations quickly. They can sometimes be positive and simplify decisions but they can also lead to errors and bias.

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17
Q

What is a risk society?

A

A society that is preoccupied with calculating risks to aid in decision making and rules.

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18
Q

“Ego integrity vs despair” is what stage of Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development?

A

Older adulthood

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19
Q

“Autonomy vs shame & doubt” is what stage of Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development?

A

Toddler

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20
Q

“Initiative vs guilt” is what stage of Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development?

A

Pre-school

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21
Q

“Generativity vs stagnation” is what stage of Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development?

A

Middle-age

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22
Q

What is the young adulthood stage of development, according to Erikson?

A

“Intimacy vs isolation”

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23
Q

Socially isolated people are ___% more likely to die in any given year.

A

50

24
Q

Prochaska and DiClemente developed the Stages of Change model, what are the stages?

A

Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance and relapse

25
Q

What are the 5R’s of motivational intervention?

A

Relevance
Risks
Rewards
Roadblocks
Repetition:

26
Q

The power of the government to get involved in the management of health of the population or individual is termed what?

A

Biopower

27
Q

Tannahill’s health promotion model includes what three key parts?

A

Prevention, health education and protection

28
Q

Laws on how old someone has to be to buy cigarettes are an example of what part of Tannahill’s health promotion model?

A

Protection

29
Q

Placing stairs in a building closer t the entrance than the lift is an example of what concept?

A

Nudge or choice-architecture

30
Q

What are the pillars of medical ethics?

A

Autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice

31
Q

For consent to be valid, what three conditions need to be met?

A

Voluntary, informed and the patient must have capacity

32
Q

What is meant by “consent is a negative right”?

A

You can decline treatment but you can’t demand it.

33
Q

How many GMC principles of consent are there?

A

7

34
Q

Physical contact without consent is termed what in the eyes of the law?

A

Battery (or assault and battery)

35
Q

What capabilities must be demonstrated to have the mental capacity to make a decision?

A

Understand, retain, use and communicate.

36
Q

How many Caldicott principles are there?

A

8

37
Q

What do the Caldicott principles outline?

A

How to protect and appropriately share confidential information within the health sector

38
Q

What are the four models of a doctor-patient relationship?

A

Paternalistic, informative, interpretative, deliberative

39
Q

Discerning the patient’s beliefs and expectations and then choosing treatment that fits this narrative fits in what doctor-patient relationship model?

A

Interpretative

40
Q

Providing the patient with all the available scientific information and then allowing them to choose a treatment plan fits in what doctor-patient relationship model?

A

Informative

41
Q

Engaging in discussion about the best options and empowering the patient to think about what is best for them fits int which doctor-patient relationship model?

A

Deliberative

42
Q

What do QALY’s and DALY’s stand for?

A

Quality adjusted life years and disability adjusted life years

43
Q

What are the stages of Shontz’s adjustment theory?

A

Shock, realisation, defensive retreat, acknowledgement, adjustment

44
Q

The transactional model of stress & coping was proposed by which authors?

A

Lazarus & Folkman

45
Q

The primary appraisal of environmental stimuli can be judged as what, in the transactional model?

A

Benign or stressful

46
Q

The secondary appraisal, in the transactional model, can be seen as a challenge or threat based on what?

A

The resources the person has at the time to deal with the stressor.

47
Q

Coping, in the transactional model, can be what two options? Explain each one briefly

A

Problem-focused- how to change the situation
Emotion-focused- how to change your feelings towards the situation

48
Q

Moos and Shaffer’s crisis model describes what process?

A

People’s adjustment to serious illness

49
Q

Briefly describe the concept of anomie

A

A state of disconnection, social instability and lack of ethical standards that can result in the disruption of an individual’s social life, relationships and behaviour.

50
Q

What are Frank’s 3 types of illness narratives?

A

Restitution, chaos and quest

51
Q

What is the problem with the restitution narrative?

A

It portrays a perfect world where people always gets better from illness, and this isn’t the case in chronic illness.

52
Q

What is the difference between an impairment and a disability?

A

Impairment = physical or cognitive limitation
Disability = barriers to living a normal life of a person with an impairment

53
Q

Quality of life and disability weight are measured on a scale between what values?

A

0 to 1.

54
Q

A new treatment extends a patient’s life by 4 years more than the old treatment, with a quality of life of 0.8.
If the old treatment extended life by 2 years at a quality of life of 0.75, how many more QUALYs will a patient on the new treatment gain?

A

Old treatment = 2 x 0.75
= 1.5 QUALYs

New treatment = 6 x 0.8
= 4.8 QUALYs

4.8 - 1.5 = 3.3 QUALYs

55
Q

What is a DALY?

A

The amount of life years somebody lost to morbidity and mortality

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