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GEOSTAT CONCEPTS > CONCEPTS > Flashcards

CONCEPTS Flashcards

1
Q

Used to infer effects from a set of numbers without knowing why the numbers are like they are

A

Statistics

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2
Q

Yields the same output when stimulated several times with the same input

A

Deterministic

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3
Q

Yields different output from the same input

A

Random

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4
Q

Partly deterministic and random

A

Stochastic

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5
Q

Deterministic is ________ because it has no uncertainty however it is _________

A

Superior; Rare

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6
Q

Numerical value assigned to an observation which reflects the magnitude or amount of some characterisitc

A

Measurement

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7
Q

Determines the type of analysis that can be made from the data

A

Scale of Measurement

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8
Q

Classification of observation into mutually exclusive categories of equal rank

A

Nominal

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9
Q

Ranked in hierarchy of states

A

Ordinal

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10
Q

Length of successive intervals in constant

A

Interval

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11
Q

Have a true zero point

A

Ratio

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12
Q

Type of probability that the outcomes are countable or finite

A

Discrete Probability

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13
Q

What are the four properties of binomial distribution?

A

-There are only TWO POSSIBLE OUTCOMES (“success” or “failure”) for each trial.
-Each trial is INDEPENDENT of all the others.
-The probability of success DOES NOT CHANGE from trial to trial.
-The trials are performed on a FIXED number of times.

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14
Q

Type of probability distribution where the number of trials is not fixed

A

Negative binomial

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15
Q

Type of probability distribution where the probability of success is very small

A

Poisson Distribution

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16
Q

A special case of the negative binomial when the interest is the number of trials prior to the initial success

A

Geometric Distribution

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17
Q

An extension of the binomial where more than two mutually exclusive outcomes are possible

A

Multinomial Distribution

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18
Q

Governs an experiment called sampling without replacement

A

Hypergeometric Distribution

19
Q

Variation in the measurements due to instrumental error becomes apparent with repeated measurements

A

Experimental error

20
Q

Variation due to experimental error and between members of a set are sometimes mixed with each other

A

Confounded error

21
Q

Statistical tests are based on the assumption that random variables are _________

A

Normally distributed

22
Q

Well-defined set (finite or infinite) of elements

A

Population

23
Q

Subset of elements taken from a population

A

Sample

24
Q

Deliberate or accidental exclusion of certain characteristics from a sample

A

Bias

25
Q

Characteristics that describe a population

A

Paremeters

26
Q

Characteristics that refer to samples

A

Statistics

27
Q

Continuous variable is divided into discrete categories and the number or proportions of observations within each category is represented by the heights of each bars

A

Histogram

28
Q

The vertical scale is the relative frequency

A

Relative frequency histogram

29
Q

Successive categories show the cumulative numbers or proportions of observations

A

Cumulative plot

30
Q

Successive divisions of a distribution (percentile, decile, quartile)

A

Quantiles

31
Q

A five-number summary of the median, first and third quartiles, and the minimum and maximum

A

Box and whisker plot

32
Q

Average squared deviations

A

Variance

33
Q

Square root of variance; same as the units of the measurements

A

Standard deviation

34
Q

Dimensionless measure of variability expressed as a fraction of the mean

A

Coefficient of variation

35
Q

Joint variation of two variables about their common mean

A

Covariance

36
Q

Ratio of the covariance of two variables to the product of their standard deviation (Between +1 and -1)

A

Correlation Coefficient

37
Q

Some correlations between variables do not reflect the relationship between them, but are induced by an operation or transformation that has been performed on the variables

A

Induced Correlation

38
Q

One in which all variables measured on an individual add to a fixed total such as 1.00 or 100%, which means the individual variables are proportions of a whole

A

Closed data

39
Q

Measurements are not expressed as proportions

A

Open data

40
Q

The process of computing variances and covariances of ratios can be simplified using logarithms

A

Logratio Transformation

41
Q

States that if sets of random samples are taken from any population, and the means calculated for these samples, the sample means will tend to be normally distributed. This becomes more pronounced for larger size.

A

Central Limits Theorem

42
Q

The probability of committing a type I error is called the

A

Level of significance

43
Q

Null hypothesis and its alternative are mutually exclusive and not all inclusive (T or F)

A

False; all inclusive

GEOSTAT CONCEPTS (1 decks)

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