CONCEPTS

Question 1

Used to infer effects from a set of numbers without knowing why the numbers are like they are

Answer 1

Statistics

Question 2

Yields the same output when stimulated several times with the same input

Answer 2

Deterministic

Question 3

Yields different output from the same input

Answer 3

Random

Question 4

Partly deterministic and random

Answer 4

Stochastic

Question 5

Deterministic is ________ because it has no uncertainty however it is _________

Answer 5

Superior; Rare

Question 6

Numerical value assigned to an observation which reflects the magnitude or amount of some characterisitc

Answer 6

Measurement

Question 7

Determines the type of analysis that can be made from the data

Answer 7

Scale of Measurement

Question 8

Classification of observation into mutually exclusive categories of equal rank

Answer 8

Nominal

Question 9

Ranked in hierarchy of states

Answer 9

Ordinal

Question 10

Length of successive intervals in constant

Answer 10

Interval

Question 11

Have a true zero point

Answer 11

Ratio

Question 12

Type of probability that the outcomes are countable or finite

Answer 12

Discrete Probability

Question 13

What are the four properties of binomial distribution?

Answer 13

-There are only TWO POSSIBLE OUTCOMES (“success” or “failure”) for each trial.
-Each trial is INDEPENDENT of all the others.
-The probability of success DOES NOT CHANGE from trial to trial.
-The trials are performed on a FIXED number of times.

Question 14

Type of probability distribution where the number of trials is not fixed

Answer 14

Negative binomial

Question 15

Type of probability distribution where the probability of success is very small

Answer 15

Poisson Distribution

Question 16

A special case of the negative binomial when the interest is the number of trials prior to the initial success

Answer 16

Geometric Distribution

Question 17

An extension of the binomial where more than two mutually exclusive outcomes are possible

Answer 17

Multinomial Distribution

Question 18

Governs an experiment called sampling without replacement

Answer 18

Hypergeometric Distribution

Question 19

Variation in the measurements due to instrumental error becomes apparent with repeated measurements

Answer 19

Experimental error

Question 20

Variation due to experimental error and between members of a set are sometimes mixed with each other

Answer 20

Confounded error

Question 21

Statistical tests are based on the assumption that random variables are _________

Answer 21

Normally distributed

Question 22

Well-defined set (finite or infinite) of elements

Answer 22

Population

Question 23

Subset of elements taken from a population

Answer 23

Sample

Question 24

Deliberate or accidental exclusion of certain characteristics from a sample

Answer 24

Bias

Question 25

Characteristics that describe a population

Answer 25

Paremeters

Question 26

Characteristics that refer to samples

Answer 26

Statistics

Question 27

Continuous variable is divided into discrete categories and the number or proportions of observations within each category is represented by the heights of each bars

Answer 27

Histogram

Question 28

The vertical scale is the relative frequency

Answer 28

Relative frequency histogram

Question 29

Successive categories show the cumulative numbers or proportions of observations

Answer 29

Cumulative plot

Question 30

Successive divisions of a distribution (percentile, decile, quartile)

Answer 30

Quantiles

Question 31

A five-number summary of the median, first and third quartiles, and the minimum and maximum

Answer 31

Box and whisker plot

Question 32

Average squared deviations

Answer 32

Variance

Question 33

Square root of variance; same as the units of the measurements

Answer 33

Standard deviation

Question 34

Dimensionless measure of variability expressed as a fraction of the mean

Answer 34

Coefficient of variation

Question 35

Joint variation of two variables about their common mean

Answer 35

Covariance

Question 36

Ratio of the covariance of two variables to the product of their standard deviation (Between +1 and -1)

Answer 36

Correlation Coefficient

Question 37

Some correlations between variables do not reflect the relationship between them, but are induced by an operation or transformation that has been performed on the variables

Answer 37

Induced Correlation

Question 38

One in which all variables measured on an individual add to a fixed total such as 1.00 or 100%, which means the individual variables are proportions of a whole

Answer 38

Closed data

Question 39

Measurements are not expressed as proportions

Answer 39

Open data

Question 40

The process of computing variances and covariances of ratios can be simplified using logarithms

Answer 40

Logratio Transformation

Question 41

States that if sets of random samples are taken from any population, and the means calculated for these samples, the sample means will tend to be normally distributed. This becomes more pronounced for larger size.

Answer 41

Central Limits Theorem

Question 42

The probability of committing a type I error is called the

Answer 42

Level of significance

Question 43

Null hypothesis and its alternative are mutually exclusive and not all inclusive (T or F)

Answer 43

False; all inclusive