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Advanced Higher Music > Concepts > Flashcards

Concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

Plainchant

A
  • Latin text
  • Unaccompained or in unison
  • No regular metre
  • Origionally sung by monks as worship
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2
Q

Mass

A
  • Choral work
  • Polyphonic texture
  • Inludes words (Kyrie, Gloria, Sanctus, Agnus Dei, Credo)
  • First masses were acapella
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3
Q

Mode/Modal

A
  • Seven note scale
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4
Q

Anthem

A
  • Sung in English
  • Sacred choral work
  • Polyphonic texture
  • Usually a capella
  • Prodistent version of a motet
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5
Q

Ayre/Air

A
  • A type of madrigal
  • Strophic form (AAA)
  • Could be performed:
    solo voice with lute accompaniment
    solo voice with viols
    all voices with out without accompaniment
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6
Q

Ballett

A
  • A type of madrigal
  • “fa-la-la” heard at section endings
  • Mainly homophonic texture
  • Strophic form (AAA)
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7
Q

Madrigal

A
  • Secular (non-religious)
  • Set to a short poem for 3 - 6 voices
  • Usually accompanied
  • Homophonic and polyphonic texture
  • Use of imitation
  • Sung in English
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8
Q

Pavan

A
  • Slow moderate dance with 2 or 4 beats in a bar
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9
Q

Galliard

A
  • Lively spirited dance
  • Usually performed after a pavan
  • Main theme of pavan can be used but in triplet time
  • Uses hemiolas
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10
Q

Motet

A
  • Sacred chroal piece
  • Sung in Latin
  • Polyphonic texture
  • Use of imitation
  • Usually performed over a capella
  • Catholic version of an Anthem
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11
Q

Secular

A
  • More light hearted and upbeat
  • Madrigal (English)
  • Ballett (English)
  • Ayre (English)
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12
Q

Sacred

A
  • Serious and slower tempo
  • Motet (Latin)
  • Anthem (English)
  • Mass (Latin)
  • Plainchant (Latin)
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13
Q

Consort

A
  • Small group of instruments either from the same family (group of lutes) or mixed (recorder and lute)
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14
Q

Hemiola

A
  • Feels like music is going into a different time signature but still remains in normal time signature
  • Can sound like syncopation
  • It is done by regrouping the notes
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15
Q

Oratorio

A
  • Usually a story from the Bible set to music
  • For soloists, chorus and orchestras
  • Include recitiatives, arias, duets and chorus
  • No stage design or costumes
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16
Q

Aria

A
  • Melody is more important than the worlds
  • The melody will be beautiful
  • Usually convey strong emotions that the character is feeling
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17
Q

Recitative

A
  • Almost like speaking but still in tune
  • Usually a chord or short passage is played before soloist tells story
  • Lots of words can be crammed in a short space of time
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18
Q

Coloratura

A
  • Involves scales, runs, ornamients and melisma
  • Dectorative singing
  • Often improvised
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19
Q

Obbligato

A
  • Prominent solo instrument in a piece of vocal music
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20
Q

Concerto Grosso

A

Concertino - small group of soloists
Ripieno - larger ensamble group
Basso Continuo - bass line and harmony

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21
Q

Ritornello

A
  • A returning theme
  • Used in rondo form (ABACAD…)
  • Key feature in a Concerto Grosso
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22
Q

Passacaglia

A
  • Variations over a ground bass
  • Slow dance in 3/4
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23
Q

Fugue

A
  • Built on imitation
  • Contrapuntal/Polyphonic texture
  • Exposition, middle section, final section
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24
Q

Exposition (Fugue)

A
  • Plays the subject (distinctive melody)
  • Played in the tonic key
  • A second voice answers in the dominant (5th) key with the same melody (called the answer)
  • 3rd voice answers in tonic key
  • 4th voice replies in dominant key
  • Each voice goes into another melody in counterpoint
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25
Q

Middle Section (Fugue)

A
  • Enteries of the subject called middle entries occur in related keys
  • Can occur in solo or groups as subject and answer
  • Other passges of music enter called episodes
  • Used as a relief from the subject but will have similarities
26
Q

Final Section (Fugue)

A
  • Sometimes a stretto is used meaning the subject and the answer follow closely one after another so that they overlap
  • This section returns when the subject returns in the tonic key
27
Q

Chorale

A
  • German hymn sung by a choir
28
Q

Antiphonal

A
  • A group of voices (normally on the left) are heard in alternation with another group (on the right)
  • Both groups answer eachother
  • This can be done with contrasting instruments or sections of the orchestra
29
Q

Countertenor

A
  • An adult male voice higher than a tenor (alto range)
30
Q

Appoggiatura

A
  • A leaning note
  • Steals half the value of the main note or 2/3 if the main note is dotted
  • Can sound like a leading note
31
Q

Acciaccatura

A
  • Crushed quickly either on the beat or just before it
32
Q

Turn

A
  • Consists of 4 notes “turning” around the main note
  • The note above, the main note, the note below and the main note again
  • Inverted turn - note below, main note, note above, main note
33
Q

Suspension

A
  • The effect which occurs when a note, having formed part of the harmony is repeated or held over (suspended) above the next, creating a discord
34
Q

Sonata Form

A
  • Exposition: where two key contrasting themes are introduced
  • Development: the section where these key themes are developed
  • Recapitulation: where the key themes are heard again
35
Q

Bridge

A
  • A term used to describe a passage of music which serves as a link
  • Leads from one theme to another
  • Used in sonata form to link subjects together
36
Q

Sonata

A
  • Solo instrument (which can accompany itself) i.e. Piano/Harp
  • Solo instrument accompanied by a piano
37
Q

String Quartet

A
  • 2 violins, a viola and a cello
38
Q

Chamber Music

A
  • Originally performed in homes by amateur musicians
  • Limited space
  • Small instrument ensembles with one player to part
39
Q

Piano Trio

A
  • Camber music composed for piano, violin and cello
40
Q

Nationalism

A
  • Using musical ideas of motifs which can be identidied with a certain country, religon or ethnic
41
Q

Retrogade

A
  • When a piece of music is played backwards
42
Q

Lied

A
  • Vocal music (German) and piano
  • Both of equal importance
  • Usually strophic but not always
43
Q

Through Composed

A
  • The opposite of strophic
  • Little or no musical repetition
44
Q

Leitmotiv

A
  • A reoccurring theme throughout the music representing a person, object, emotion or and event or place
45
Q

Song Cycle

A
  • A set or sequence of songs, linked together by being based on the same poetic theme or story
46
Q

Impressionist

A
  • Focuses on a suggestion or atmosphere ratehr than story telling
47
Q

Whole Tone Scale

A
  • A Scale that uses only tones
  • Sounds mysterious/dreamy
48
Q

Musique Concrete

A
  • Recorded natural sounds which are edited
49
Q

Jazz Funk

A
  • Sub-genre or Jazz
  • Jazz features but with drums, bass guitar, rhythm guitar and synths
50
Q

Soul Music

A
  • Combination of gospel, bleus and country music
  • Its gritty sound reflected what was happening socially in america at the time
51
Q

Time Changes

A
  • Changes in the time signature
52
Q

Irregular Time Signatures

A
  • When the music does not fall into equal groupings: 5/4, 7/4
53
Q

3 Against 2

A
  • A type of cross rhythm
54
Q

Polytonality/Bitonality

A
  • The use of two or more keys simultaneously
  • Example: melody in one key and the harmoney in another
55
Q

Tritone

A
  • Used to be known as the devils chord
    Concists of an interval of an augmented 4th which spans 3 whole tones (i.e. F-B)
56
Q

Sprechgesang

A
  • A style of vocal performance midway between song and speech in which the performed approximates the pitch of each note instead of pitching exactly
57
Q

Contemporary Jazz

A
  • A modern take on Jazz
  • Use of modern instruments such as synths
  • Fusion of genres i.e. pop, rock and funk
  • Some features of origional jazz remain such as brass or improv
58
Q

Electronic Dance Music (EDM)

A
  • Music created for clubs, raves and festivals
  • Usually performed by DJ’s
59
Q

Serialism - Tone Row/Note Row

A
  • A method of composing
  • A method of composition using series of pitches, rhythms, dynamics, timbres or other musical elements
60
Q

Neo Classical

A
  • Music that drew its inspiration from the classical period
  • Instead of composing for a huge orchestra, the composer would write for a smaller orchestra choosing instrumental timbres which are contrasting and avoiding expression of emotion and instead aiming for a cool clear texture
  • Could be abrupt key changes, unexpected melodic twists, clashing harmonies or a surprising choice of instruments

Advanced Higher Music (1 decks)

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