Concepts Flashcards
What are the five components of the nursing process?
Assess, diagnose, plan, implement, evaluate
What are the four components if nursing care?
Person (recipient of care)
environment (internal or external)
health/wellness (degree of wellness)
nursing (attributes/characteristics and actions of nurse)
True or false: “evidenced-based nursing practice uses knowledge and research to support clinical decision making”
True
What are the components of a discipline?
Field of study
Rules or systems that govern conduct or activity
Soft versus hard disciplines
What are the components of a profession?
Need for higher education
Need for a specific body of knowledge
Practical as well as theoretical
Strong internal organizations
Motivated by altruism
Is the Neuman Systems Model an open or closed system?
Open system:
Porous boundary
Increased interaction
Energy's role
*Changes frequently!*What was Bertalanffy’s model?
General systems model
What was Selye’s theory?
Stress/adaption theory
What was Caplan’s concept?
Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention
What were Erikson’s stages about?
Stages of development
What was Maslow’s contribution?
Hierarchy of needs
Why did Betty Neuman create her model?
She wanted to provide a framework for nursing because she knew it was lacking in the field.
According to Betty Neuman, what is the goal of nursing?
To assist individuals, families, and groups TO ATTAIN AND MAINTAIN MAXIMAL LEVEL OF TOTAL WELLNESS by purposeful intervention.
According to Betty Neuman, what is the holistic approach?
Person is viewed as a composite of physiological, psychological, socio-cultural, spiritual and developmental variables that function as an open system.
What is health/wellness?
Condition or degree of system stability.
What are stressors?
Any stimuli that disrupts stability
True or false: In the NSM, wellness is a continuum; when needs are unmet, illness often follows.
True
What are the five Neuman variables?
Physiological Psychological Socio-cultural Developmental Spiritual
What are the 8 subconcepts of physiological variables?
Comfort Mobility/neuro Nutrition Elimination Oxygenation Circulation Sexuality Safety
What are some subconcepts that fever falls under?
Comfort, safety, nutrition,etc
Describe the psychological variable
Refers to mental processes and relationships
(Orientation, thought patterns, communication patterns, coping mechanisms, self concept/self esteem, interpersonal relationships)
Describe the socio-cultural variable
Refers to combined social and cultural factors
(Family background, support system, ethnic/family customs, health insurance, hobbies, employment)
Describe the developmental variable
Appropriate developmental level with comparison of expected and exhibited behaviors
Erikson-developmenal stages
Piaget-thinking
Freud- Identity, sexuality, ego,etc.
Describe the spiritual variable
Refers to faith and expression of faith, practicing beliefs, moral/ethical beliefs
The patient has worked night shift for the past 20 years at a local factory: what variable does that assessment finding fall under?
Sociocultural
The patient has a temperature of 101 degrees; what physiologic subconcept does this fall under?
Safety
Describes stressors
Forces occurring within internal and external boundaries of the client system
Time, intensity, nature of stressor, and condition of client (past and present) and amount of energy required by client to adjust, should all be considered
Think about context when thinking about stressors
What are intrapersonal stressors?
Occurring within the boundary of the client system
What are interpersonal stressors?
Occurring outside the boundary of the client system at close range
What are extrapersonal stressors?
Occurring outside the boundary of the client system at a distant range
What is the basic structure?
Basic factors common to all organisms
What are lines of resistance?
Surrounding and protecting the basic internal structure of the system
What are normal lines of defense?
Protects system from common, everyday environmental stressors.
What is the flexible line of defense?
Surrounds the normal line of defense and protects it from extreme environmental stressors
Describe Intra-, Inter-, and Extra-, stressors within the Physiological variable
Intrapersonal:
Poor nutrition, genetic weakness, loss of sleep, immobilization
Interpersonal:
Fight w/ injury, rape, abuse
Extrapersonal:
Virus (it’s out there), germ, heat, cold
Describe Intra-, Inter-, and Extra-, stressors within the psychological variable
Intrapersonal:
Anxiety, fear, worry
Interpersonal:
Argument, conflict
Extrapersonal:
Loss of job, loss of spouse
Describe Intra-, Inter-, and Extra-, stressors within the sociocultural variable
Intrapersonal:
Noise, crowds
Interpersonal:
Different cultures
Extrapersonal:
Flood, war, recession
Describe Intra-, Inter-, and Extra-, stressors within the developmental variable
Intrapersonal:
Adolescence, aging, pregnancy
Interpersonal:
Parent, child
Extrapersonal:
AARP
Describe Intra-, Inter-, and Extra-, stressors within the spiritual variable
Intrapersonal:
Values conflict, lack of purpose, lack of direction
Interpersonal:
Values conflict
Extrapersonal:
Values conflict
What is the overall goal of the NSM?
Goal is to keep client system stable
Nursing actions are initiated to retain, attain, and maintain optimal client health using prevention as intervention
What is primary prevention?
Wellness retention; protect client’s NLD by strengthening flexible line of defense
What is secondary prevention?
Wellness attainment; protect basic structure by strengthening internal lines of resistance
What is tertiary prevention?
Wellness maintenance; protects client system reconstitution or return to wellness following treatment.
What are some of Florence Nightingales contributions to nursing?
Recognizing two components of nursing (health and wellness)
Established standards for hospital management and standards for nursing education
Identifying personal needs of the patient
What is the definition of a nurse?
“Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations.” ANA
