conception - infants

Question 1

what are teratogens

Answer 1

are capable of producing adverse effects in the fetus in the first trimester

Question 2

what are common teratogens?

Answer 2

• rubella: causes abortions, stillbirth, or defects of the eyes, ears, and heart
• Many drugs: including OTC medications in the first trimester.
• Diet has an effect: mother needs to have a regular intake of iron and folic acid to reduce iron deficiency, anemia, and neural tube defects.

Question 3

describe APGAR score

Answer 3

a scoring system that is done in 1 - 5 minutes after birth. There are 5 criteria which include: colour, heart rate, reflex irritability, muscle tone, and respiratory effort.
a normal score is 7 - 10 anything below is abnormal
colour, heart rate, reflex, muscle tone, and respiration

Question 4

trimester one

Answer 4

• teratogens are capable
• foetal cells continue to differentiate and develop into essential organ systems

Question 5

second trimester

Answer 5

• fetal increases in size
• weeks 16 - 20 mother begins to feel foetal movement

Question 6

third trimester

Answer 6

• subcutaneous fat is stored
• weight increases to between 3.2kg and 3.4kg

Question 7

automatic reflexes

Answer 7

blinking, breathing and swallowing

Question 8

reflexes

Answer 8

rooting, sucking, stepping, Babinski, grasping, and moro (startle).

rooting and morro disappear after 3 - 4 months

Question 9

gross motor skills

Answer 9

• walking
• postural control: eyes
• development of posture
• walk quickly
• balance on feet
• walk backward
• kick a ball

Question 10

fine motor skills

Answer 10

the infant develops through a variety of functional grasps to hold a pencil
- palmer grasp: with the whole hand
- pincher grasp: fingers move to the end of the pencil more

Question 11

Attention

Answer 11

4 months infant can focus on an object
- focussed or sustained allows the infant to learn about and remember
- joint attention: two or more individuals focus on the same object or event.

Question 12

Memory

Answer 12

retention of information over time
implicit memory:
-without conscious recollection
- memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically
explicit memory:
- conscious remembering of facts and experencies

Question 13

Language

Answer 13

Learning a language by…
- recognizing language sounds
- babbling and other vocalizations, ect crying, cooing and babbling.
FIRST WORDS
- vocabulary rapidly increases after the first word is spoken
AT 18 MONTHS
- about 50 words often says no when means yes
AGE 2
- can say 200 words
GESTURES
- pointing

Question 14

Emotionally development

Answer 14

Smiling
- Rflexive smile: a smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli
- Social smile: in response to an external stimulus

fear
Stranger anxiety: fear and wariness of strangers appear during the second half of the first year of life.
separation protest: distressed crying when the caregiver leaves.

Question 15

Temperament

Answer 15

Easy child: generally in a positive mood quickly establishes regular routines in adapts easily to new experiences.

Difficult child: reacts negatively and cries frequently. Engages in irregular daily routines. Slow to accept change.

slow to warm up child: low activity level. Somewhat negative. Displays a low-intensity of mood.

Question 16

Attachment

Answer 16

• Attachment is a close emotional bond between two people
• secure attachment is the first year of life and provides an important foundation for psychological development. It can predict adult functioning linked with:
  self-confidence, social competence, successful relationships both with peers and romantic partners

Question 17

sleep

Answer 17

• a typical newborn sleeps approximately 18 hours a day.
• infants sleep an average of 12.8 hours a day
• 6 months normally sleep throughout the night

Question 18

Brain development

Answer 18

• at birth the brain is 25% of its adult weight
• the first 100 days are crucial in brain development.

Question 19

Vision

Answer 19

At birth - the nerves, muscles, and lens of the eye are still developing
- infants cannot see far-away objects
- faces are the most important stimuli for children socially
- colour vision improves by 8 weeks infants can discriminate colours

Question 20

Hearing

Answer 20

By six months - the infant can localise the direction of sound and continues to improve during the second year.