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Year 1 Medicine > Conception > Flashcards

Conception Flashcards

1
Q

What is the tissue attenuation coefficient?

A

The absorption ability of a tissue

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2
Q

What scale is used to calibrate the grey scale on a CT scanner?

A

The Hounsfield unit scale

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3
Q

Positives about CT scanning

A

Quick
Lots of info
Multiple regions
Can guide procedures

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4
Q

Positives about X- ray scanning

A

Low radiation
Quick
Cheap
Accessible

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5
Q

Positives about fluoroscopy

A

Multiple images
Can see function
Therapeutic procedures

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6
Q

Positives about ultrasound

A 
No radiation
Can see BF
Quick
Accessible
Guides procedures
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7
Q

Positives about MRI scanning

A

Multiple image planes
No radiation
Lots of soft tissue info

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8
Q

Negatives about CT scanning

A

Lots of radiation

P needs to be still

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9
Q

Negatives about X-ray scanning

A

Some radiation
2D
Hard to interpret

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10
Q

Negatives about fluoroscopy

A

Radiation
Specialised
2D
Needs contrast

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11
Q

Negatives about ultrasound scanning

A

Specialised
Not for all tissues
Not recorded

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12
Q

Negatives about MRI scanning

A

Specialised

Limited availability

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13
Q

Which scanning techniques produce 3D images?

A

CT

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14
Q

Difference between fluoroscopy and X-ray?

A

Fluoroscopy is a video X-ray and requires contrast

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15
Q

What is T1 and T2 in MRI scans?

A

Flip and spin - T1 is fat and T2 is water

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16
Q

What are MRI scans used to image?

A

Soft tissue - muscle, nerves, organs

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17
Q

How does nuclear medicine work?

A

Radioactive tracer goes to metabolically active areas and emits gamma rays (cancer staging)

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18
Q

What is the outside of the Zygote called?

A

Zona Pellucida

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19
Q

What is a zygote called when it has divided many times?

A

Morula

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20
Q

What are the three types of differentiated cells in a blastocyst?

A

Trophoblasts, embryoblasts (epiblasts) and hypoblasts

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21
Q

What process forms the trilaminar disk?

A

Gastrulation

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22
Q

What starts the formation of the middle layer of the trilaminar disk?

A

The primitive streak

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23
Q

What are the three germ layers called?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

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24
Q

What does the ectoderm go on to form?

A

Nervous system and skin

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25
Q

What does the mesoderm go on to form?

A

Connective tissue, bone, muscle, urogenital, pleura and peritoneum

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26
Q

What does the endoderm go on to form?

A

Lining of internal organs - GI and airways

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27
Q

What are the three precursors to the uro-genital system in an embryo?

A

Pronephros
Mesonephros
Metanephros

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28
Q

What does the pronephros give rise to?

A

Replaced by mesonephros

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29
Q

What does the mesonephros give rise to?

A

Gonad and adrenal glands

30
Q

What does the metanephros give rise to?

A

Kidneys

31
Q

What ducts form the internal reproductive organs in males and females?

A

Females - paramesonephric (mullerian)

Males - mesonephric (Wolffian)

32
Q

What do to primordial germ cells give rise to in both males and females?

A

Males - spermatogonia

Females - primordial follicle then oogonia then oocytes

33
Q

What do steroidogenic and supporting cells give rise to in males?

A

Steroidogenic - leydig

Supporting - sertoli

34
Q

What do steroidogenic and supporting cells give rise to in females?

A

Steroidogenic - theca

Supporting - granulosa

35
Q

What three factors determine sex differentiation?

A

SRY, TDF and MID

36
Q

How is the vagina formed from the paramesonephric ducts?

A

They fuse

37
Q

What do the gonadal cords become?

A

The seminiferous cords

38
Q

What do supporting cells come from in males?

A

Coelomic epithelial cells

39
Q

How do the testes get into the scrotum?

A

The gubernaculum pulls them from the intra-abdominal site

40
Q

What do the gonadal cords become?

A

Seminiferous cords

41
Q

What are the 4 main initial steps of male development?

A
  1. Mesenchymal cells turn into the interstitial cells of leydig cells
  2. Testosterone and androstendione production
  3. Somatic support cells turn into pre-sertoli cells
  4. Anti-mullarian hormone makes mullerian ducts degenerate
42
Q

What does testosterone control the formation of?

A 
Penis
Scrotum
Prostate
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Seminal vesicles
Brain differentiation
43
Q

What are the first 5 steps of female differentiation?

A
  1. Wolffian ducts degenerate and the mullerian ducts form
  2. External genitalia form - clitoris and labia
  3. Supporting cells turn into granulosa cells
  4. Steroidogenic cells turn into theca cells
  5. Germ cells begin 1st stage of meiosis
44
Q

What do the mullerian ducts form?

A

Oviducts
Uterus
Cervix
Upper vagina

45
Q

What hormone is measured in a pregnancy test?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

46
Q

What is the mesovarium?

A

Part of the broad ligament that suspends the ovaries

47
Q

What is the mesosalpinx?

A

A ligament which attaches the uterine tube to the broad ligament

48
Q

What is the ligament of the ovary?

A

Attaches the ovary to the uterus

49
Q

What is the suspensory ligament of the ovary?

A

The highest part of the broad ligament

50
Q

What does the round ligament do?

A

Pulls the uterus forward and attaches to the perineum

51
Q

What are the functions of the pelvis? (5)

A
  1. Weight bearing
  2. Weight transfer (walking)
  3. Muscle attachment
  4. Contains pelvic viscera and inf abdominal viscera
  5. Supports abdominopelvic viscera
52
Q

What is the pelvic floor between?

A

The pelvic cavity and the perineum

53
Q

What are the features of the male pelvis? (3)

A
  1. Narrow and shallow pelvic cavity
  2. Small angle of public arch
  3. Narrow inf pelvic aperture
    (Opposite for female)
54
Q

What is the process of ejaculation? (7 steps)

A
  1. Made in testes
  2. Stored in epididymis
  3. Travels via ductus deferens
  4. Mixes with semen from seminal glands
  5. Prostate fluid added from prostate
  6. Alkaline mucus added from bulbo-urethral gland
  7. Out of urethra
55
Q

What does ‘some damn Englishman called it the testes’ stand for?

A 
Skin
Dartos fascia
External spermatic fascia
Cremaster
Internal spermatic fascia
Tunica vaginalis
Tunica albuginea
56
Q

What is autocrine?

A

Cell targets itself

57
Q

What is paracrine?

A

Cell targets neighbor

58
Q

What is endocrine?

A

Cell targets distant cell through blood

59
Q

What happens in the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

A

Contents duplicated

60
Q

What happens in the S phase of the cell cycle?

A

Chromosomes duplicated

61
Q

What happens in the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

A

Chromosomes are checked and repairs are made

62
Q

What is checked at the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

A

Cell size
Nutrients
Growth factors
DNA damage

63
Q

What is checked at the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

A

Cell size

DNA replication

64
Q

What are the 3 classes of hormones?

A

Steroid
Peptide
Amino acid derived

65
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

High level of hormone inhibits more being released

66
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

High level of hormone causes more to be released

67
Q

Describe the hypothalamo-pituitart axis

A

Hypothalamus
Ant pituitary gland
3rd endocrine gland
Target endocrine hormone

68
Q

What happens to GnRH in the follicular phase of the menstral cycle?

A

It steadily increases

69
Q

What happens to FSH in the follicular phase of the menstral cycle?

A

Starts to increase then steadily decreases until 14 days where there is a small spike

70
Q

What happens to LH in the follicular phase of the menstral cycle?

A

Stays the same until 14 days where there is a big spike (ovulation)

Year 1 Medicine (1 decks)

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