Conceptes Importants

Question 1

Zero Conditional

Answer 1

Eternal Truth; Used when the result will always happen.

If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.

Question 2

First Conditional

Answer 2

Real and probable hypothesis. Used when talking about things which might happen in the future, possible things, which could easily come true.

If it rains tomorrow, we’ll go to the cinema.

Question 3

Second Conditional

Answer 3

Unreal and Improbable.

1) Used to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true.
2) Used to talk about something in the present which is impossible, because it’s not true.

If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world.

Question 4

Third Conditional

Answer 4

Unreal and impossible situation.

It talks about the past; used to desribe a situation that didn’t happen, and to imagine the result of this situation.

If I had gone to bed early, I would have caught the train.

(if + past perfect, … would + hae + past participle)

Question 5

Form of language

Answer 5

Syntax = phrases

Morphology = words

Phonology = phonemes

Question 6

Meaning of language

Answer 6

Semantic = literal meaning.

Pragmaatics = meaning in context

Question 7

Semantics

Answer 7

Content of language. It starts at the level of words and extends over phrases up to sentences.

Question 8

Pragmatics

Answer 8

How to interpret meaning in context. The function of language in communication.

Pragmatics can only be meaningfully done at the level of larger phrases and sentences, and extends beyond the sentence boundary to the level of discourses.

The study of how speakers use language when interacting with another participant.

Question 9

Phonology

Answer 9

Rules and patterns that govern the inherent structure of linguistics.

Description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.

It is based on a theory of what every speaker of a language unconsciously knows about sound patterns of that language.

What’s in your head, the abstract or mental aspects of sounds in language.

We use SLASHES / /.

Phonology serves as the underlying design for all the variations in different physical articulations of a sound type in different contexts.

Question 10

Phonetics

Answer 10

Physical properties of speech sounds, how the sound is physically produced.

How to make and perceive sounds.

What comes out of your mouth.

We use BRACKETS [ ]

THe study of how the pronunciation of sounds changes according to context.
Stop vs. Top.

In the phonology they are all represented in the same way, but physically, they are all different. [t]
Stop, top, eigth

Question 11

Phonemes

Answer 11

Distinguishing sounds in a language. The abstract unit in the mind /t/
Written between slashes: /t/

To determine the phonemes that exist in a language we use the CONTRASTIVE PROPERTY:
if we substitute one sound for another in a words and there is a change in meaning, then the two sounds represent different phonemes: (night, kite)

Question 12

Phones and Allophones

Answer 12

The versions of phonemes produced in actual speech (mouth) are phones:
  /t/
[th] tar
[ ]writer
[ ]eight

• If we substitute one phoneme for another the result is another words.
• If we substitue one allophone for another, the result is unusual pronunciation of the same word.

Question 13

Communicative Competence

Answer 13

Achieving communicative competence in a second language, not only means acquiring grammatical structures and lexical items of the target language, it also means knowing how and when to use these structures and lexical items appropriately in a social context. (pragmatic competence, its subset)

Question 14

Pragmatic Comptentece

Answer 14

Using the appropriate form depending upon the situation and one’s relation with one’s interlocutor.