concept quiz chapters 1,2,3 Flashcards
Ethical Decision Making: Step 1
Determine the facts of the situation
Perceptual differences
Experiences are mediated by and interpreted through our own understanding and concepts. Thus, ethical disagreements can depend as much on a person’s conceptual framework as on the facts of the situation.
Ethical Decision Making: Step 2
Identify the ethical issues involved
Normative myopia
The tendency to ignore, or the lack of ability to recognize, ethical issues in decision making
Inattentional blindness
Focusing on too narrow a range of
questions.
* When we focus on the wrong
thing, or fail to focus, we may
fail to see key information that
will lead us to success or
prevent unethical behavior
Change blindness
Decision-making omission that occurs when decision makers fail to notice gradual changes over time
Moral imagination
When one is facing an ethical decision, the ability to envision various alternative choices, consequences, resolutions, benefits, and harms
Ethical Decision Making: Step 3
Identify and consider all the people affected by a decision (stakeholders)
Stakeholders include:
Employees, customers, shareholders, suppliers, community, government, corporation
Ethical Decision Making: Step 4
Consider the available alternatives (aka moral imagination)
Ethical Decision Making: Step 5
Make a decision, formulate a plan, and carry it out
Ethical Decision Making: Step 6
Monitor and learn from your outcomes
Satisficing
Selecting the alternative that satisfies
the minimum decision criteria
Stumbling blocks to ethical decision making
- Intellectual or cognitive
- Motivation or willpower
- Incomplete monitoring
Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development: Level 1
Pre-conventional: following authority, acting according to rules
Kohlberg Stage 1
Obedience and punishment: do things to avoid getting punished
Kohlberg Stage 2
Individualism and exchange: children realize different individuals have different viewpoints
Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development: Level 2
Conventional morality: performing “right roles” based on norms
Kohlberg Stage 3
Good interpersonal relationships - good to be seen as good by others
Kohlberg Stage 4
Acting to uphold laws of society
Kohlberg Level 3
People decide what they think is right rather than just following society’s rules
Kohlberg Stage 5
Personal values uesd to achieve social consciousness
Kohlberg Stage 6
Self selection of universal moral principles
Utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham: produce the greatest good for the greatest number of people (consequentialist)
Deontology
Kant: Duty-based ethics - certain rules we must follow
Virtue ethics
Aristotle: possess the qualities of a virtuous person
Categorical Imperative
Treat each person as an end in themselves, never only as a means to our own ends.
Kant believed:
We have certain moral “duties” to uphold
Challenges to Kantian ethics
What truly are basic human rights?
Liberty
A just society is one in which
individuals are free from
government intrusion as long
as they are not harming others
Autonomy
Capacity for autonomous action is what makes up the intrinsic value of human beings
Equality
Socialist egalitarian theories
argue for equal distribution of
basic goods and services
Legal rights
Granted to employees on the basis of legislation or judicial
rulings
Character
Those dispositions, relationships,
attitudes, values, and beliefs that popularly might be called a “personality
