Concept of Man, Health, and Illness Flashcards
The concept of Man as a _______________ emphasizes the holistic nature of human existence. It recognizes that individuals are multidimensional and that their health and well-being are influenced by biological, psychological, social, and spiritual factors.
Biopsychosocial - Spiritual Being
What are the 4 Components of the Biopsychosocial - Spiritual Model?
- Biological Dimension
- Psychological Dimension
- Social Dimension
- Spiritual Dimension
IMPLICATIONS IN NURSING PRACTICE
Incorporating Biopsychosocial - Spiritual Model into nursing practice ensures holistic care by:
- Assessing patients in all three dimensions to identify factors influencing their health.
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
Note: There are 4 dimensions, not 3.
IMPLICATIONS IN NURSING PRACTICE
Incorporating Biopsychosocial - Spiritual Model into nursing practice ensures holistic care by:
- Recognizing the interplay between these dimensions (e.g., how stress can affect physical health).
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
IMPLICATIONS IN NURSING PRACTICE
Incorporating Biopsychosocial - Spiritual Model into nursing practice ensures holistic care by:
- Providing general care plans that address biological, psychological, social, and spiritual needs.
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
Note: We provide personalized care plans to patients, not general care plans.
Personalized care planning aims to provide support from health professionals that is tailored to the needs of individual patients.
IMPLICATIONS IN NURSING PRACTICE
Incorporating Biopsychosocial - Spiritual Model into nursing practice ensures holistic care by:
- Encouraging multidisciplinary collaboration to manage the complex needs of patients.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
IMPLICATIONS IN NURSING PRACTICE
Incorporating Biopsychosocial - Spiritual Model into nursing practice ensures holistic care by:
- Promoting biological care, when appropriate, through active listening, empathy, and respect for individual beliefs.
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
Note: It should be spiritual care and not biological care.
APPLICATION OF BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL - SPIRITUAL MODEL IN HEALTH AND ILLNESS
Achieving balance and harmony across all dimensions.
Health
APPLICATION OF BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL - SPIRITUAL MODEL IN HEALTH AND ILLNESS
Disruption in one or more dimensions affecting overall well-being.
Illness
In the 4 Components of Biopsychosocial - Spiritual model, which illness corresponds to the right dimension?
- Chronic illness disrupting daily life.
Biological
In the 4 Components of Biopsychosocial - Spiritual model, which illness corresponds to the right dimension?
- Depression impacting physical health.
Psychological
In the 4 Components of Biopsychosocial - Spiritual model, which illness corresponds to the right dimension?
- Isolation affecting mental health.
Social
In the 4 Components of Biopsychosocial - Spiritual model, which illness corresponds to the right dimension?
- Loss of purpose reducing resilience.
Spiritual
What perspective is this?
This perspective guides nurses and healthcare providers to move beyond treating symptoms and instead focus on the whole person, fostering well-rounded and meaningful care.
Biopsychosocial - Spiritual Model
This is a psychological theory proposed by Abraham Maslow in 1943.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Who proposed the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
Abraham Maslow in 1943
The Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs outlines ______ levels of human needs, arranged in a hierarchical order, suggesting that individuals must satisfy lower-level needs before addressing higher-level needs.
five
Note: This framework is widely used in healthcare, nursing, education, and other fields to understand and address human motivation.
What are the Five Levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy?
Start from the bottom of the pyramid
- Physiological Needs (Basic Needs)
- Safety Needs (Basic Needs)
- Love and Belonging Needs (Psychological Needs)
- Esteem Needs (Psychological Needs)
- Self-Actualization Needs (Self-Fulfillment Needs)
IN FIVE LEVELS OF MASLOW’S HIERARCY
These are essential for survival.
Examples:
- Food
- Water
- Air
- Shelter
- Sleep
Physiological Needs (Basic Needs)
Note: Without fulfilling these needs, survival is at risk.
IN FIVE LEVELS OF MASLOW’S HIERARCY
Focuses on security and protection from harm.
Examples:
- Physical safety (ex. a safe environment, protection from violence)
- Financial stability (ex. job security, health insurance)
Safety Needs (Basic Needs)
Note: Once physiological Needs are met, people seek security and stability.
IN FIVE LEVELS OF MASLOW’S HIERARCY
Relates to emotional connections and relationships.
Examples:
- Friendships
- Family
- Social interaction
- Sense of belonging
Love and Belonging Needs (Psychological Needs)
Note: Includes the need for affection, trust, and acceptance by others.
IN FIVE LEVELS OF MASLOW’S HIERARCY
Involves the need for self-respect and recognition from others.
Examples:
- Self-esteem
- Confidence
- Achievement
- Respect from others
Esteem Needs (Psychological Needs)
Note: Concerned with self-worth, respect, and recognition.
Divided into two parts:
- Self-esteem: Personal accomplishments and self-respect.
- Esteem from others: Recognition and admiration.
IN FIVE LEVELS OF MASLOW’S HIERARCY
Refers to reaching one’s full potential and personal growth.
Examples:
- Creativity
- Problem-solving
- Pursuing personal goals
Self-Actualization Needs (Self-Fulfillment Needs)
Note: This is about becoming the best version of oneself, often referred to as achieving “personal fulfillment.”
APPLICATION IN NURSING
Maslow’s hierarchy is essential in nursing to:
- Prioritize care: Address basic physiological Needs after moving to psychological or higher level needs.
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
Note: It should be before and not after.
APPLICATION IN NURSING
Maslow’s hierarchy is essential in nursing to:
- Holistic care: Recognize and address all patient well-being aspects.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Maslow’s hierarchy is essential in nursing to:
- Personalized interventions: Understand a patient’s past level of need and tailor care accordingly.
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
Note: It should be current and not past.
IN HEALTH AND ILLNESS
- _________ as a bio-psycho-socio-spiritual being with basic needs.
- ________ as a family member with roles.
One answer only
Man
WHO SAID THIS?
- Health is a state of being well and using every power the individual possesses to the fullest extent.
Nightingale
WHO SAID THIS?
- Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
World Health Organization (WHO)
Who said this?
- Health is a dynamic state of being in which the developmental and behavioral potential of an individual is realized to the fullest extent possible.
American Nurses Association (ANA) - 1980
WHO SAID THIS?
- Health is a dynamic process, which continually changes as the interactions between individuals and their internal and external environments change.
Brill & Kilts - 1980
- This is a state of well-being.
- Aspects include self-responsibility, goal, dynamic process, daily decision-making, and whole being.
Wellness
TRUE OR FALSE
Wellness is about engaging in attitudes and behaviors that diminish the quality of life and maximize personal potential.
FALSE
Note: It should be enhance and not diminish.
What are the 7 Wellness Components?
- Physical
- Emotional
- Social
- Environmental
- Occupational
- Spiritual
- Intellectual
REMEMBER THE ACRONYM “PESEO - SI”
MODELS OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS
- This is by M.B. Belloc & L. Breslow - 1972
- Health is the stage of being free of signs & symptoms of disease.
What model is this?
Medical Model
MODELS OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS
- Defined in terms of the individual’s ability to fulfill societal roles, that is, to perform his or her work.
What model is this?
Role Performance Model
MODELS OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS
- Health is a creative process and involves flexible adaptation to the environment.
- Disease is a failure in adaptation.
What model is this?
Adaptive Model
MODELS OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS
- Health is a condition of actualization or realization of a person’s potential.
- Illness is a condition that prevents self-actualization.
What model is this?
Eudemonistic Model
MODELS OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS
- Used primarily in predicting illness rather than in promoting wellness.
What model is this?
Agent Host Environment Model
Agent Host Enviroment Model is also called as what?
Ecologic Model
The Agent Host Environment Model contains 3 Components. What are these?
- Agent - is the factor that causes disease or health problems.
- Host - refers to the individual or group at risk of disease or health challenges.
- Environment - the external factors affecting the health of the host.
This is any environmental factor or stressor (biologic, chemical, mechanical, physical, or psychosocial).
A. Host
B. Agent
C. Environment
B. Agent
Physical or psychological situations or conditions putting people at risk for illness.
A. Host
B. Agent
C. Environment
A. Host
All factors external to the host that may or may not predispose the person to the development of the disease.
A. Host
B. Agent
C. Environment
C. Environment
MODELS OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS
- Grids or graduated scales used to measure a person’s perceived level of wellness.
What model is this?
Health-Illness Continua
MODELS OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS
- A health axis and an environment axis intersect.
What model is this?
DUNN’s High Level Wellness Grid (1959)
MODELS OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS
- Illustrates two arrows pointing on opposite directions and joined at a neutral point.
What model is this?
Travis’ Illness - Wellness Continuum
On the model of Travis’ Illness - Wellness Continuum, moving to the right indicates increasing levels of health & well being which involves the 3 Steps of Wellness.
What are these?
Awareness → Education → Growth
Note: Paakyat to ah, parang hagdan.
MODELS OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS
- The model typically consists of four domains of the inner self and additional factors (the “+” aspect) that influence wellness like environment, culture, nutrition, and safety.
- Baldwin & Conger 2001
What model is this?
The 4+ Model of Wellness
On the 4+ Model of Wellness by Baldwin & Conger 2001, What are the 4 Domains of the Inner Self?
- Physical
- Emotional
- Spiritual
- Intellectual
REMEMBER THE ACRONYM “PESI”
MODELS OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS
- Determines whether an individual is likely to participate in disease prevention and health promotion activities.
What model is this?
Health Belief Model
Note:
- This is a psychological framework used in healthcare to explain and predict individual health behaviors. It focuses on the beliefs and perceptions that influence people’s decisions regarding their health and preventive behaviors.
He is the one who proposed a health belief model intended to predict which individuals would or would not use preventive measures.
Rosenstock and Becker
It is a principle from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Eastern philosophy.
It represent the interconnected and complementary forces that create balance and harmony in the universe, including in health and well-being.
Yin and Yang
YIN OR YANG?
- Negative
- Dark
- Cold (contraction)
- Female
- Outside of the body surface
- Front of the body
- Receptive female
YIN
YIN OR YANG?
- Positive
- Light
- Warm (expansion)
- Male
- Inside of the body
- Back of the body
- Creative male
YANG
Yin (Compassion and Harmony) + Yang (Knowledge and Will) = ?
Wholeness of “TAO”
MODELS OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS
- The individual’s current state of health - be it one of disease or vitality - is just like the tip of an iceberg.
What model is this?
Iceberg Model
Note: Yung pinaka tip is yung “State of Health” nation and behind of the iceberg ay Yung mga lifestyle/ behavior/ psychological/motivational level/ spiritual / being / meaning realm.
IN ICEBERG MODEL OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS
The ff corresponds to which?
- What food do you eat?
- How you use and exercise your body?
- How you relax?
- How do you safeguard yourself from the different hazards around you?
A. Lifestyle / Behavioral Level
B. Cultural / Psychological / Motivational Level
C. Spiritual / Being / Meaning Realm
A. Lifestyle / Behavioral Level
IN ICEBERG MODEL OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS
The ff corresponds to which?
- What moves us to lead the lifestyle we have chosen?
- What payoffs do we get from being overweight, smoking, reckless driving or eating well, being considerate to others, getting regular exercise?
A. Lifestyle / Behavioral Level
B. Cultural / Psychological / Motivational Level
C. Spiritual / Being / Meaning Realm
B. Cultural / Psychological / Motivational Level
IN ICEBERG MODEL OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS
The ff corresponds to which?
- Mystical & mysterious and everything else in the unconscious mind.
- Concerns such as issues as your reason for being.
- The real meaning of life.
- Your place in the universe.
A. Lifestyle / Behavioral Level
B. Cultural / Psychological / Motivational Level
C. Spiritual / Being / Meaning Realm
C. Spiritual / Being / Meaning Realm
A highly personal state. Physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental or spiritual functioning is thought to be diminished.
lllness
An alteration in body function resulting in a reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal life span.
Disease
Involves ways individuals describe, monitor, and interpret their symptoms, take remedial actions and use the health care system.
Illness Behavior
What are the 5 Stages of Illness?
- Stage 1 - Symptom Experiences
- Stage 2 - Assumption of the Sick Role
- Stage 3 - Medical Care Contact
- Stage 4 - Dependent Client Role
- Stage 5 - Recovery or Rehabilitation
What Stage of Illness is this?
Person comes to believe something is wrong.
Stage 1: Symptom Experiences
These has 3 Aspects
- The physical experience of symptoms.
- The cognitive aspect (the interpretation of the symptoms in terms that I have some meaning to the person)
- The emotional response
What Stage of Illness is this?
- Individual accepts the sick role and seeks confirmation from family and friends.
- (+) Self treatment and delaying contact with health care professional as long as possible.
Stage 2: Assumption of the Sick role
Four Aspects of the Sick role
- Clients are not held responsible for their condition.
- Clients are excused from certain social roles and tasks.
- Clients are obliged to try to get well as quickly as possible.
- Clients or their families are obliged to seek competent help.
What Stage of Illness is this?
Sick people seek the advice of health professionals either on their own initiative or the urging of significant others.
Stage 3: Medical Care Contact
Clients ask for (3) types of information:
- Validation of illness
- Explanation of the symptoms
- Reassurance that they will be alright or prediction of what the outcome will be
What Stage of Illness is this?
After accepting the illness and seeking treatment, the client becomes dependent on the professional for help.
Stage 4: Dependent Client Role
What Stage of Illness is this?
The client is expected to relinquish the dependent role and resume former roles and responsibilities.
Stage 5: Recovery or Rehabilitation
