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Health > Concept Of Health, Wellness And Illness > Flashcards

Concept Of Health, Wellness And Illness Flashcards

1
Q

What is the traditional definition of health?

A

Traditionally, health was defined in terms of the presence or absence of disease.

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2
Q

What is the definition of health?

A

Many people define & describe health as the following:

❑ Being free from symptoms of disease and pain as much as possible
❑ Being able to be active and to do what they want or must
❑ Being in good spirits most of the time

Health is objective

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3
Q

Definition of wellness

A

Wellness is an active process by which an individual progresses towards maximum potential possible, regardless of current state of health.

It is subjective - The person is the only one who can say if they are well or not

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4
Q

What are the 7 dimensions of health

A
  1. Physical
  2. Social
  3. Emotional
  4. Intellectual
  5. Spiritual
  6. Occupational
  7. Environmental

They are all interlinked

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5
Q

Definition of Physical Wellness

A

The ability to carry out daily tasks, achieve fitness, maintain adequate nutrition and proper body fat, avoid abusing drugs & alcohol or using tobacco products, and generally practice positive lifestyle habits.

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6
Q

Definition of Social Wellness

A

The ability to interact successfully with people & within the environment of which each person is a part, to develop & maintain intimacy with significant others, & to develop respect & tolerance for those with different opinions & beliefs

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7
Q

Definition of Emotional Wellness

A

The ability to manage stress and to express emotions appropriately. It involves ability to recognize, accept, and express feelings & to accept one’s limitations.

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8
Q

Definition of Intellectual Wellness

A

The ability to learn and use information effectively for personal, family, and career development. It involves striving for continued growth & learning to deal with new challenges effectively

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9
Q

Definition of Spiritual Wellness

A

The belief in some force (nature, religion or higher power) that serves to unite human beings and provide meaning and purposes to life. It includes a person’s own morals, values and ethics

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10
Q

Definition of Occupational Wellness

A

The ability to achieve a balance between work and leisure time. It includes a person’s beliefs about education, employment,& home influence personal satisfaction & relationship with others

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11
Q

Definition of Environmental Wellness

A

The ability to promote health measures that improve the standard of living and quality of life in the community. It includes influences such as food, water and air.

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12
Q

What is illness?

A

➢ A highly personal state
➢ The person’s emotional, intellectual, social, developmental or spiritual functioning is diminished.

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13
Q

2 Major Classifications of Illness

A
  • Acute illness
  • Chronic illness

It is possible to develop both acute & chronic illness

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14
Q

Describe Acute illness

A

❑A disruption in functional ability usually characterized by a rapid onset, intense manifestations, and a relatively short duration.

❑ Are usually reversible.

Ex: influenza

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15
Q

Describe Chronic Illness

A

❑ A disruption in functional ability usually characterized by a gradual onset with lifelong changes that are usually irreversible.

❑Chronic illnesses last a long time, frequently throughout the individual’s life.

Ex: Arthritis

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16
Q

Chronic illness is characterized by:

A

REMISSION
- period during which the disease is controlled and symptoms are not obvious.

EXACERBATION
- The disease becomes more active again at a future time, with recurrence of pronounced symptoms

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17
Q

Definition of Disease?

A

➢ an alteration in body functions resulting in a reduction of capacities or shortening of the normal life span.

➢ a pathologic change in the structure and function of the body or mind.

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18
Q

Related terms to disease

A
  • Health status
  • Health beliefs
  • Health Behavior
  • Risk Factors
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19
Q

Definition of Health Status

A
  • state of health of a person at a given time.
  • reflected by blood pressure, respiratory rate, laboratory tests, etc.
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20
Q

Definition of Health Beliefs

A

-concepts about health that an individual believes.

Example:
▪ sleeping with wet hair causes blindness
▪ eating a well-balanced diet makes person healthy

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21
Q

Definition of Health Behavior

A

The actions that people take to understand their health state, maintain an optimal level of health, prevent illness and injury and reach their maximum physical and mental health potential.

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22
Q

Definition of Risk Factors

A

-Refers to conditions or a factor that increases the tendency or probability of a person having a disease or being ill.

-The presence of risk factors does not mean that a disease will develop, but risk factors increase the chances that the individual will experience a particular dysfunction.

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23
Q

List the Risk factors of a disease

A
  • Genetic & Physiological Factors
  • Age
  • Environment
  • Lifestyle
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24
Q

Define Morbidity

A
  • Condition of being diseased
25
Q

Define morbidity rate

A
  • The proportion of a disease to health in a community
26
Q

Define Mortality

A
  • Condition or quality of being subject to death
27
Q

Define Epidemiology

A
  • Study of patterns of health and disease, its occurrence and distribution in man, for the purpose of control and prevention of disease
28
Q

Define Susceptibility

A
  • The degree of resistance the potential host has against the pathogen.
29
Q

Define Etiologic Agent

A
  • One that possesses the potential for producing injury or disease (e.g. Streptococcus)
30
Q

Definition of Virulence

A
  • Relative power or the degree of pathogenecity of the invading microorganism, the ability to produce poisons that repel or destroy phagocytes.
31
Q

Definition of Pathology

A
  • The branch of medicine which deals with the cause, nature, treatment & resultant structural and functional changes of disease.
32
Q

Definition of Sign

A
  • An objective data or objective evidence or physical manifestation made apparent by special methods of examination or use of senses.
33
Q

Definition of symptom

A
  • Any disorder of appearance, sensation or function experienced by the patient indicative of a certain phase of disease. It is subjective in nature.
34
Q

Definition of Syndrome

A
  • A group of signs & symptoms which when considered together characterize a disease
35
Q

Definition of Pathogenesis

A
  • Method of origin and development of disease including sequence of processes or events from inception to the development of characteristic lesion or disease
36
Q

Definition of Diagnosis

A
  • Art or act of determining the nature of a disease, recognition of a diseased state.
37
Q

Definition of Prognosis

A
  • Prediction of course and end of disease, medical opinion to the outcome of disease process.
38
Q

Definition of Recovery

A
  • Implies that a person has no observable or known after effects from his illness.
39
Q

List the models of health and illness

A
  1. Clinical model
  2. Role performance Model
  3. Adaptive Model
  4. Agent Host-Environment Model
  5. Health illness continuum

Health Belief Model
Health Promotion Model
Basic Human Needs Model
Holistic Health Model

40
Q

Description of Clinical Model

A
  • The narrowest interpretation of health.

- Health is considered as the state of not being “sick”

  • In this model, the opposite of health is disease or injury.
41
Q

Description of Role Performance Model

A
  • Health is defined in terms of the individual’s ability to fulfill societal roles, that is to perform his/her work.
  • People who can fulfill their roles are healthy even if they have clinical illness.
42
Q

Description of adaptive model

A
  • Health is a creative process; Disease is a failure in adaptation.
  • Aim of treatment: to restore the ability of the person to adapt, that is to cope.
43
Q

Description of the Agent-host- environmental model

A
  • Also called “Ecologic Model”, originated in the community health work of Leavell & Clark(1965)
  • It is used primarily in predicting illnesses rather than promoting wellness.

The model has 3 Dynamic Elements:
- Host
- Agent

Because each of the agent-host-environment factors constantly interacts with the others, health is an ever-changing state.

  • Environment
44
Q

Description of Health illness continuum

A
  • Grids or graduated scales that can be used to measure a person’s perceived level of wellness.
  • Health & illness or disease can be viewed as the opposite ends of a health continuum.
45
Q

Sub theories in the Health illness continuum
- Dunn’s high-level wellness grid
- Travis’ illness wellness continuum

A

Dunn’s High-level Wellness Grid
- Dunn (1959) described a health grid in which a health axis and an environmental axis intersect.
(The 4 table dividers)

Travis’ illness-wellness continuum
- Travis developed an illness-wellness continuum that ranges from high-level wellness to premature death.
(The arrow diagram)

46
Q

Description of the health belief model

A
  • People are most likely to take preventive action if they perceive the threat of a health risk to be serious, if they feel they are personally susceptible, and if there are fewer costs than benefits to engaging in it.
47
Q

Description of Health Promotion Model

A
  • Developed by Dr. Nola Pender
  • Defines health as a positive, dynamic state, not merely the absence of a disease (Pender, 1982, 1996; Pender et al., 2011).
  • Health promotion is behavior motivated by the desire to increase well-being and actualize human health potential (Pender et.al., 2011).

It focuses on three (3) areas:
1. Individual characteristics and experiences
2. Behavior specific knowledge and affect
3. Behavioral outcomes

48
Q

Description of basic human needs model

A
  • Helps understand an individual’s motivation to achieve optimal health. This model explains the basic needs of patients and families, their behaviors, and their readiness to take part in health activities.
  • Maslow (1970) expanded his model to include cognitive, aesthetic, and transcendence needs to incorporate needs that could not be explained by his original model.
49
Q

Description of Holistic Health Model

A
  • A person’s health is affected by the relationship between the body, mind, and spirit.
  • The intent is to empower patients to engage in their own recovery and assume some responsibility for health maintenance (Edelman et al., 2014).
50
Q

State the theories of disease causation

A
  1. Germ theory
  2. Epidemiological Triad
  3. Web of Causation Theory
  4. Natural History of Disease
51
Q

Description of Germ theory

A
  • proposed by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch
  • postulates that every human disease is caused by a microbe or germ, which is specific for that disease and one must be able to isolate the microbe from the diseased human being.
52
Q

Description of Epidemiological Triad

A
  • External agent can cause diseases on a susceptible host when there is a conducive environment.
53
Q

Description of Web of Causation Theory

A
  • To explain disease and disability caused by multiple factors, MacMahon and Pugh (1970) developed the concept of “chain of causation,” later termed the “web of causation.”
  • Diseases develop from a chain of causation in which each link itself is a result of complex interaction of preceding events.
54
Q

Description of Natural History of disease

A
  • The natural history of a disease refers to the progress of a disease process in an individual over time. In their classic model, Leavell and Clark (1965) described two periods in the natural history of disease, prepathogenesis and pathogenesis.
55
Q

State the Stages of Illness

A

(Suchman, 1979)

Stage 1: Symptom Experiences
Stage 2: Assumption of the Sick Role
Stage 3: Medical Care Contact
Stage 4: Dependent Client Role
Stage 5: Recovery or Rehabilitation

56
Q

State Levels of Prevention

A
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
57
Q

Description of Primary Prevention

A
  • Activities that are directed at preventing a problem before it occurs. This includes altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals in the period of prepathogenesis. Primary prevention consists of two categories:
  1. general health promotion (e.g., good nutrition, adequate shelter, rest, exercise) and
  2. specific protection (e.g., immunization, water purification).
58
Q

Description of Secondary Prevention

A
  • Early detection of and prompt intervention for a disease or health threat during the period of early pathogenesis. Screening for disease and prompt referral and treatment are secondary prevention.
  • Screening to identify diseases in the earliest stages, before the onset of signs and symptoms, thru measures such as mammography and regular BP testing.
59
Q

Description of Tertiary Prevention

A
  • Managing disease post diagnosis to slow or stop disease progression thru measures such as chemotherapy, rehabilitation, and screening for complications.
  • Involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability by interventions directed at improving their functional ability, quality of life and life expectancy
  • Consists of limitation of disability and rehabilitation during the period of advanced disease and convalescence, where the disease has occurred and resulted in a degree of damage.

Health (3 decks)

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