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International Relations > Concept Exam 1 > Flashcards

Concept Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Nation vs. State

A

Nation: A group of people with shared history, culture, and language inhabiting a territory
State: A self-governing legal and political entity/institution

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2
Q

Sovereignty

A

The right to rule within a given territory

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3
Q

Treaty of Westphalia

A

1648: European leaders recognize each other’s right to rule in their territories

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4
Q

Butterfly Effect

A

A small change in one corner of the world can have an impact on other parts of the world, or on the system as a whole

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5
Q

OECD (Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development)

A

1961: Stimulates economic progress and world trade.

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6
Q

NGO (Non-Governmental Organizations)

A

Voluntary citizens’ organizations on a local, national, or international level (Not government, not businesses)

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7
Q

Transnational Civil Society

A

NGOs and global networks collaborating across borders to advance their goals (Not government, can include businesses)

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8
Q

Total War

A

A type of war in which parties mobilize all their populations and economies

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9
Q

Wold War I

A

1914-1918: Caused by Imperial / Colonial Competition

Allies: UK, France, Russia, US
Central Powers: Germany, Austria Hungary, Ottomans

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10
Q

World War II

A

1939-1945:
Allies: France, UK, US, USSR, China
Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan

Holocaust

Allied Victory = Fall of Japanese and Italian Empire, League of Nations, US and USSR are world leaders.

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11
Q

Which US President Used Nuclear Weapons on Which Cities, and When?

A

1945: Truman bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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12
Q

Fourteen Points

A

Woodrow Wilson’s stated principles of (1.) Self-determination, (2.) Open Diplomacy, and (3.) Establishment of the league of nations

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13
Q

Paris Peace Conference

A

1919: At the end of WWI, ended with the Treaty of Versailles

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14
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A

1919: At the end of WWI, High war reparations for Germany

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15
Q

League of Nations

A

1920 (Started) - 1946 (Disbanded):
Established to maintain world peace as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended WWI. It was a collective security arrangement and the precursor to the United Nations

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16
Q

Great Depression

A

1929: Global economic collapse that followed US Wall Street stock market crash. 607% increase in unemployment in the US. 47% reduction in industrial production in the US.

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17
Q

Appeasement

A

Policy of making concessions to aggressive leaders, with the hopes that it will stop them from wanting more. Did not work on Hitler

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18
Q

Pearl Harbor

A

7 December, 1941: Japanese preventative attack on US Naval Base in Hawaii

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19
Q

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

A

Military alliance (collective defense pact) against USSR & allies, established in 1949

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20
Q

Warsaw Pact

A

Military Alliance (collective defense pact) against NATO members, established in 1955

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21
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis

A

1962: Crisis between US (Kennedy) and USSR (Khrushchev) over the Soviet deployed missiles in Cuba

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22
Q

International Society

A

A group of sovereign states that recognize a common set of rules and practices

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23
Q

Anarchy

A

The absence of a world government

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24
Q

Hegemony

A

A system regulated by a dominant leader

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25
Q

Mission Civilisatrice

A

A rationale used for colonizing lands

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26
Q

French Revolution

A

1789: The sovereignty rests with nation, not the rulers. Milestone for Nationalism, Liberalism, Socialism, and Secularism

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27
Q

Collective Security vs Collective Defense

A

Collective Security: One type of coalition building strategy in which a group of nations agree not to attack each other and to defend each other against an attack from one of the others, if such an attack is made.
Collective Defense: An attack against one Ally is considered an attack against all Allies

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28
Q

Glasnost

A

1985: Gorbachev’s policy of greater openness

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29
Q

Perestroika

A

1985: Gorbachev’s policy of restructuring the Soviet economic and political system

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30
Q

The End of History argument

A

Francis Fukuyama

Theories after the Cold War that the victory of Western Liberal Democracy represents an end-point in history

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31
Q

The Clash of Civilizations argument

A

Sam Huntington

Theories after the Cold War that people’s cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict

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32
Q

Long Peace argument

A

John Lewis Gaddis
Theories after the Cold War that the absence of a large-scale war during the Cold War signified that the world was more stable during the Cold War.

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33
Q

Cosmopolitanism

A

All human beings belong to one community with shared morality

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34
Q

Unipolar / Bipolar / Multipolar

A

Unipolar: one great power in the system
Bipolar: two great powers in the system
Multipolar: more than two great powers in the system

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35
Q

Iranian Revolution

A

1979:
Shah Reza Pahlavi was overthrown (US ally but known for corruption). Ayatollah Khomeini declares an Islamic Republic (initially the revolution is supported by seculars as well).
Point to Consider: Overthrow of a democratically elected, secular prime minister (Mossadegh) by CIA and MI6 in 1953

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36
Q

Charlie Hebdo Massacre

A

7 January, 2015: Two Islamist terrorists armed with assault rifles forced their way into the offices of the French satirical weekly newspaper, Charlie Hebdo, in Paris. The gunman identified themselves as belonging to Al-Qaeda’s branch in Yemen, which took responsibility for the attack and killing 11 people

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37
Q

Capitalism

A

A system of production in which human labor and its products are commodities that are bought and sold in the market place

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38
Q

Washington Consensus

A

Global welfare would be maximized with minimalist state and an enhanced role for the market

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39
Q

World Bank

A

United Nations financial institution that gives loans and provides advisory services

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40
Q

IMF (International Monetary Fund)

A

Provides technical assistance and short-term stabilization financing

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41
Q

World Trade Organization

A

Global rules of trade among countries, dispute settling; ensures trade flows smoothly

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42
Q

BRICS

A

A Goldman Sachs term referring to the economies of Brazil, Russia, India and China. 25% of the world’s GDP and 40% of the world’s population are within these countries. These are developing countries with fast growing economies and increasing influence in world affairs

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43
Q

Soft Power argument

A

Joseph Nye: Getting the others to agree with you rather than trying to force them through coercive and military power

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44
Q

Terrorism

A

The use of violence towards civilians by non-state actors for political purposes

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45
Q

4 Main Types of Terrorist Groups

A
  1. ) Left Wing (FARC)
  2. ) Right Wing (Neo-Nazi)
  3. ) Ethno-Nationalist / Seperatist (IRA)
  4. ) Religious (ISIS)
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46
Q

ISIL

A

ISIS: Islamic State of Iraq and Levant

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47
Q

Al-Qaeda

A

Islamic terrorist organization led by Ayman al-Zawahiri. They are responsible for numerous terrorist attacks including 9/11

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48
Q

IRA (Irish Republican Army)

A

Fought for a separate Irish state, later denounced violence, Provisional IRA continued the violence

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49
Q

PKK (Kurdistan Workers Party)

A

Self-governance, Turkey

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50
Q

ETA

A

Basque Separatist Organization

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51
Q

FARC

A

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia

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52
Q

Human Security

A

The reverent for security should be the human beings, not the state (UN human development report 1994)
7 Dimensions: Economic, Food, Health, Environmental, Personal, Community, and Political

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53
Q

War (Hedley Bull Definition)

A

Organized violence carried on by political units against each other

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54
Q

Asymmetric Warfare

A

Combatants are very different in their relative strengths

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55
Q

Insurgency

A

An armed rebellion against a recognized authority

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56
Q

Nelson Mandela

A

Born 1918. 11th President of South Africa. Spent 27 years in prison after conviction of charges while he helped spearhead the struggle against apartheid. Received Nobel Peace Prize in 1993

57
Q

RMA (Revolution in Military Affairs)

A

The increasing use of technology and new strategies in warfare

58
Q

Absolute Gains vs Relative Gains

A

Absolute Gains: Seeking to gain power and influence (but not comparing yourself to others) (Neoliberal Concern)
Relative Gains: Seeking to gain power and influence with a goal to be more influential than others (Neorealist Concern)

59
Q

Security Community

A

A group of states from whom war has disappeared as a means of resolving disputes (Constructivist)

60
Q

Democratic Peace Theory

A

Democratic countries are less likely to go to war when compared to their autocratic counterparts (Neoliberal)

61
Q

Apartheid

A

1948-1994: A system of racial segregation that was introduced in South Africa to ensure white racial domination

62
Q

Security Dilemma

A

When a state increases its military capabilities, other states are concerned and respond with similar measures, leading to a spiral of insecurity (Neorealism)

63
Q

Securitization

A

Moving an issue out of realm of politics into security by speech acts; making an issue an emergency security issue (Constructivism / Critical)

64
Q

Troubles Period

A

1960-1998: Nationalsts vs Unionists (armed factions are called Republican and Loyalist). PIRA, UDA, UVF
Good Friday Agreement (Belfast Agreement): 1998: (Northern Irish parties, Ireland, UK)

65
Q

US Secretary of State

A

John Kerry

66
Q

Capital City of Canada

A

Ottawa

67
Q

Capital City of Mexico

A

Mexico City

68
Q

Capital City of Germany

A

Berlin

69
Q

Capital City of France

A

Paris

70
Q

Capital City of UK

A

London

71
Q

Capital City of China

A

Beijing

72
Q

Capital City of Japan

A

Tokyo

73
Q

Capital City of Russia

A

Moscow

74
Q

Capital City of Ukraine

A

Kiev

75
Q

Capital City of Iraq

A

Baghdad

76
Q

Capital City of Syria

A

Damascus

77
Q

Capital City of Egypt

A

Cairo

78
Q

Capital City of Brazil

A

Brasilia

79
Q

Capital City of Argentina

A

Buenos Aires

80
Q

Fusion vs Fission (nuclear)

A

Fission: Splitting of atoms in a chain reaction (the one used by the US in 1945)
Fusion: compresses and heats hydrogen atoms so that they combine (thermonuclear weapons)

81
Q

Highly Enriched Uranium

A

Nuclear weapons require U-235 (0.7% of what is in nature)
U-235 should therefore be separated from U-238. Once it is more than 20% U-235, it is called Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU), and above 90% is weapons grade.

82
Q

Dual Use Problem

A

nuclear technology can be used to generate energy or to make nuclear weapon.

83
Q

Ballistic Missiles

A

The rockets that deliver the war heads

84
Q

ICBM

A

Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles

85
Q

Extended Deterrence

A

The threat of nuclear response in order to deter attack on allies.

86
Q

Counterforce vs countervalue strategies

A

Counterforce - targeting nuclear and military assets Countervalue Strategy - targeting industrial/social assets, such as large cities

87
Q

What is NPT?

A

(1968) : Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. 2 principles:
Non-nuclear weapon states will not acquire weapons
Nuclear states will share peaceful nuclear technology with non-nuclear weapon states, and also work towards disarmament themselves.

88
Q

IAEA

A

International Atomic Energy Agency - International organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, reports to UN (1957)

89
Q

Waltz thesis vs Sagan thesis when it comes to proliferation

A 
(please check your book for this - this is a detailed discussion, and you need to go beyond PPT)
Waltz thesis (gradual spread is good, countries will feel the constraints) vs. Sagan thesis (pessimism, military-run or weak governments cannot have the same checks and balances)
90
Q

Nuclear Ambiguity

A

Nuclear ambiguity can mean: neither confirming nor denying possession of nuclear weapons, see Nuclear weapons and Israel. problem that launching an attack with a conventional weapon can be mistaken for a nuclear attack, see Prompt Global Strike.

91
Q

Gender

A

the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women (World Health Organization definition)

92
Q

Patriarchy

A

A system of society where men hold the power

93
Q

3 Types of Feminism

A
  1. ) Liberal Feminism: removing legal obstacles can overcome women’s subordination; income inequality, wartime violence and rape etc.
  2. ) Postcolonial Feminism: Western feminism has constructed knowledge about non-Western women and portrayed them as “victims” and “lacking agency”
  3. ) Poststructural Feminism - we cannot generalize women’s problems; they all experience subordination differently; But the signifiers of masculinity is everywhere, in the news, in our daily lives and it cannot be just removed by laws.
94
Q

Gendered Division of Labor

A

Women earn two thirds of men’s earnings for the same job done. Disproportionate representation in caring professions, nursing, social services - disproportionate duties of marriage, pregnancy. Household work is not paid (taking care of children, elderly, cleaning)
“home-based” or “flexible” working traps (without security)

95
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (name the five layers)

A
  1. ) Self Actualization - achieving one’s full potential including creative activities
  2. ) Esteem needs - prestige and felling of accomplishment
  3. )Belongingness and Love needs;intimate relationships, friends
  4. ) Safety needs - security, safety
  5. ) Physiological needs - food, water, warmth, rest
96
Q

What is an international regime?

A

a set of principles, rules and procedures that states and other actors accept as authoritative in an issue area

97
Q

UDHR

A

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights;
a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. The Declaration arose directly from the experience of the Second World War and it is the first international declaration of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled

98
Q

ICC (what is it, when was it established, why is it controversial)

A

International Criminal Court - 2002 is an intergovernmental organization and tribunal based in The Hague in the Netherlands. The ICC has the jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.

99
Q

ECHR (what is it, when was it established)

A

European Court of Human Rights (1998): a supranational court established by the European Convention on Human Rights. It hears applications alleging that a contracting state has breached one or more of the human rights provisions concerning civil and political rights set out in the Convention and its protocols. An application can be lodged by an individual, a group of individuals or one or more of the other contracting states. The Convention was adopted within the context of the Council of Europe, and all of its 47 member states are contracting parties to the Convention.

100
Q

What is Customary Law?

A

non-codified general practice accepted as “law”

101
Q

What are six reasons to object to humanitarian intervention?

A

1- no basis in international law
2- there is no pure humanitarian intention (French in Rwanda and NATO in Kosovo driven by national interests)
3-how about your own soldiers and citizens?
4- potential for abuse - Hitler annexed Czechoslovakia using human rights discourse
5-Selectivity - inconsistency
6- Intervention does not work in long term

102
Q

What is R2P? What are its three pillars? When was it released?

A

Responsibility to Protect;
In 2000, the Canadian government established the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) and in 2001, released a report titled “The Responsibility to Protect” that was later accepted by the UN as a policy basis.
3 Pillars:
1.) A state has a responsibility to protect its population from genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and ethnic cleansing.
2.) The international community has a responsibility to assist the state to fulfill its primary responsibility.
3.) If the state manifestly fails to protect its citizens from the four above mass atrocities and peaceful measures have failed, the international community has the responsibility to intervene through coercive measures such as economic sanctions. Military intervention is considered the last resort

103
Q

What are the 6 criteria for Humanitarian Intervention?

A
  1. ) Just cause: There must be “serious and irreparable harm occurring to human beings, or imminently likely to occur”.
  2. ) Right intention: The main intention of the military action must be to prevent human suffering.
  3. ) Last resort: Every other measure besides military invention has to have already been taken into account. (This does not mean that every measurement has to have been applied and been shown to fail, but that there are reasonable grounds to believe that only military action would work in that situation.)
  4. ) Proportional means: The military means must not exceed what is necessary “to secure the defined human protection objective”.
  5. ) Reasonable prospects: The chance of success must be reasonably high, and it must be unlikely that the consequences of the military intervention would be worse than the consequences without the intervention.
  6. ) Right authority: The military action has to have been authorized by the Security Council
104
Q

Imagined Communities

A

Nation: “imagined communities” (Benedict Anderson): a nation is a socially constructed community, imagined by the people who perceive themselves as part of that group

105
Q

Nation

A

A group of people/community that shares a perception of common descent, culture, language and territory.

106
Q

Civic Nationalism vs Ethnic Nationalism

A

Civic nationalism - commitment to state and its values

ethnic nationalism - commitment to a group of common descent

107
Q

What are the main 3 Bretton Woods institutions? Briefly describe each.

A
  1. ) IMF: Provides technical assistance and short-term stabilization financing
  2. ) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (later World Bank): financing the reconstruction of European countries(with goals shared with the Marshall Plan)
  3. ) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: “substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis.” (turned in to World Trade Organization in 1995)
108
Q

Inflation

A

Increase in the general level of prices for goods and services. It is measured as an annual percentage increase (main cause: money supply growing faster than the rate of economic growth)

109
Q

Monetary Policy vs Fiscal Policy

A

Monetary Policy: monetary authority (like central bank) adjusting an inflation rate or interest rate to ensure price stability and general trust in the currency
Fiscal Policy: (by the government) the use of taxes and expenditure to influence the economy

110
Q

Tariff

A

A tax imposed on imported goods and services

111
Q

Syriza

A

Left-Wing party in Greece

112
Q

Summarize the three main IPE approaches.

A
  1. ) Mercantilism (Protectionism): Economy is an area of competition; national interests should be protected through tariffs (remember relative gains!)
  2. ) Liberalism: Free trade & free movement of capital (“invisible hand” - Adam Smith’s term for the force that guides free market, which will allocate the sources most efficiently) (remember absolute gains!)
  3. ) Marxism: Capitalists are driven by search for profits, and the system works only when segments of society (world) are exploited.
113
Q

Invisible Hand (what is it, whose term is it)

A

“invisible hand” - Adam Smith’s term for the force that guides free market, which will allocate the sources most efficiently

114
Q

Compare John Keynes and Friedrich Hayek’s approach to economics.

A

Friedrich Hayek - Free market libertarianism: Less government intervention means more economic freedom.
John Maynard Keynes - advocates predominantly private sector, but with a role for government intervention during recessions

115
Q

Trickle-down approach

A

Overall economic growth as measured by GDP will automatically bring benefits for the poorer classes.

116
Q

Microfinance

A

Based on the idea that low-income individuals are capable of lifting themselves out of poverty if given access to financial services, bank loans provide equipment / start up resources to low-income individuals; the microfinance institutions profit - how about the borrowers? Questionable results.
The pioneer of microfinance was Grameen Bank.

117
Q

Sustainable Development

A

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

118
Q

Tragedy of the Commons

A

individuals acting independently and rationally according to each’s self-interest behave contrary to the best interests of the whole group by depleting some common resource (Garrett Hardin)

119
Q

What is austerity? What are the criticisms against it?

A

the policy of reducing government budget deficits during times of economic recession. Austerity policies include spending cuts and increasing tax

120
Q

Gini Coefficient

A

Measure of Inequality in a Country. A Gini coefficient of zero expresses perfect equality, and one perfect inequality.

121
Q

FDI

A

Foreign Direct Investment: the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. Top location for US FDI? (ireland)

122
Q

MFN Principle

A

“Most Favored Nation” :Countries achieving most favored nation status are given specific trade advantages such as reduced tariffs on imported goods.
Name change to “Permanent Normal Trade Relations” in 1998.

123
Q

Comparative Advantage

A

Being able to produce a good at a lower price (David Ricardo)

124
Q

Regionalization

A

the market or state-led growth of societal integration within a region.
Regionalization can happen as a result of political, economic or foreign policy/security cooperation.

125
Q

Functionalism

A

Limited arrangements that are agreed between states in order to work together in particular areas, for example, in transport, energy, or health.

126
Q

Security Community

A

A group of states among which war has become unthinkable as a way of solving problems.

127
Q

NAFTA

A

North America Free Trade Agreement is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States to create a free trade zone in 1994

128
Q

ASEAN (when was it established)

A

Association of South East Nations is a political and economic organization that brings South East Asian countries together (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam)
ASEAN + 3: China, Japan, and South Korea

129
Q

Maastricht Treaty (what is it, when)

A

Treaty that created the European Union in 1992.

130
Q

Name three of the EU units, with one sentence explanation of each.

A
  1. ) The European Commission - executive body
  2. ) The Council of the European Union- legislature representing individual EU states
  3. ) The European Council- heads of states/governments of the member states
  4. ) The Court of Justice of the European Union-judiciary
  5. ) The European Central Bank-monetary unit
  6. ) The Court of Auditors - audits accounts of member states
  7. ) The European Parliament (members elected every five years by EU citizens)
131
Q

Schengen Area

A

26 European countries that have abolished border control at their common borders (Ireland and UK are the main opt-outs)

132
Q

What were the six constituent units of Yugoslavia?

A
  1. ) Slovenia
  2. ) Croatia
  3. ) Bosnia and Herzegovina
  4. ) Serbia
  5. ) Montenegro
  6. ) Macedonia
133
Q

Dayton Agreement (what is it, year)

A

General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1995

134
Q

Srebrenica Massacre

A

genocide of Bosnians during war

135
Q

Versailles Peace Treaty

A

Ended WWI

136
Q

Capitalism (define)

A

an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

137
Q

Washington Consensus (what is it, what are its institutions)

A

refers to a set of broadly free market economic ideas, supported by prominent economists and international organisations, such as the IMF, the World Bank, the EU and the US

138
Q

What is NPT? When was it signed? What are its two pillars?

A

an international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament

International Relations (2 decks)

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