Concept Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Nation vs. State
A
Nation: A group of people with shared history, culture, and language inhabiting a territory
State: A self-governing legal and political entity/institution
2
Q
Sovereignty
A
The right to rule within a given territory
3
Q
Treaty of Westphalia
A
1648: European leaders recognize each other’s right to rule in their territories
4
Q
Butterfly Effect
A
A small change in one corner of the world can have an impact on other parts of the world, or on the system as a whole
5
Q
OECD (Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development)
A
1961: Stimulates economic progress and world trade.
6
Q
NGO (Non-Governmental Organizations)
A
Voluntary citizens’ organizations on a local, national, or international level (Not government, not businesses)
7
Q
Transnational Civil Society
A
NGOs and global networks collaborating across borders to advance their goals (Not government, can include businesses)
8
Q
Total War
A
A type of war in which parties mobilize all their populations and economies
9
Q
Wold War I
A
1914-1918: Caused by Imperial / Colonial Competition
Allies: UK, France, Russia, US
Central Powers: Germany, Austria Hungary, Ottomans
10
Q
World War II
A
1939-1945:
Allies: France, UK, US, USSR, China
Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan
Holocaust
Allied Victory = Fall of Japanese and Italian Empire, League of Nations, US and USSR are world leaders.
11
Q
Which US President Used Nuclear Weapons on Which Cities, and When?
A
1945: Truman bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki
12
Q
Fourteen Points
A
Woodrow Wilson’s stated principles of (1.) Self-determination, (2.) Open Diplomacy, and (3.) Establishment of the league of nations
13
Q
Paris Peace Conference
A
1919: At the end of WWI, ended with the Treaty of Versailles
14
Q
Treaty of Versailles
A
1919: At the end of WWI, High war reparations for Germany
15
Q
League of Nations
A
1920 (Started) - 1946 (Disbanded):
Established to maintain world peace as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended WWI. It was a collective security arrangement and the precursor to the United Nations
16
Q
Great Depression
A
1929: Global economic collapse that followed US Wall Street stock market crash. 607% increase in unemployment in the US. 47% reduction in industrial production in the US.
17
Q
Appeasement
A
Policy of making concessions to aggressive leaders, with the hopes that it will stop them from wanting more. Did not work on Hitler
18
Q
Pearl Harbor
A
7 December, 1941: Japanese preventative attack on US Naval Base in Hawaii
19
Q
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
A
Military alliance (collective defense pact) against USSR & allies, established in 1949
20
Q
Warsaw Pact
A
Military Alliance (collective defense pact) against NATO members, established in 1955
21
Q
Cuban Missile Crisis
A
1962: Crisis between US (Kennedy) and USSR (Khrushchev) over the Soviet deployed missiles in Cuba
22
Q
International Society
A
A group of sovereign states that recognize a common set of rules and practices
23
Q
Anarchy
A
The absence of a world government
24
Q
Hegemony
A
A system regulated by a dominant leader
25
Mission Civilisatrice
A rationale used for colonizing lands
26
French Revolution
1789: The sovereignty rests with nation, not the rulers. Milestone for Nationalism, Liberalism, Socialism, and Secularism
27
Collective Security vs Collective Defense
Collective Security: One type of coalition building strategy in which a group of nations agree not to attack each other and to defend each other against an attack from one of the others, if such an attack is made.
Collective Defense: An attack against one Ally is considered an attack against all Allies
28
Glasnost
1985: Gorbachev's policy of greater openness
29
Perestroika
1985: Gorbachev's policy of restructuring the Soviet economic and political system
30
The End of History argument
Francis Fukuyama
| Theories after the Cold War that the victory of Western Liberal Democracy represents an end-point in history
31
The Clash of Civilizations argument
Sam Huntington
| Theories after the Cold War that people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict
32
Long Peace argument
John Lewis Gaddis
Theories after the Cold War that the absence of a large-scale war during the Cold War signified that the world was more stable during the Cold War.
33
Cosmopolitanism
All human beings belong to one community with shared morality
34
Unipolar / Bipolar / Multipolar
Unipolar: one great power in the system
Bipolar: two great powers in the system
Multipolar: more than two great powers in the system
35
Iranian Revolution
1979:
Shah Reza Pahlavi was overthrown (US ally but known for corruption). Ayatollah Khomeini declares an Islamic Republic (initially the revolution is supported by seculars as well).
Point to Consider: Overthrow of a democratically elected, secular prime minister (Mossadegh) by CIA and MI6 in 1953
36
Charlie Hebdo Massacre
7 January, 2015: Two Islamist terrorists armed with assault rifles forced their way into the offices of the French satirical weekly newspaper, Charlie Hebdo, in Paris. The gunman identified themselves as belonging to Al-Qaeda's branch in Yemen, which took responsibility for the attack and killing 11 people
37
Capitalism
A system of production in which human labor and its products are commodities that are bought and sold in the market place
38
Washington Consensus
Global welfare would be maximized with minimalist state and an enhanced role for the market
39
World Bank
United Nations financial institution that gives loans and provides advisory services
40
IMF (International Monetary Fund)
Provides technical assistance and short-term stabilization financing
41
World Trade Organization
Global rules of trade among countries, dispute settling; ensures trade flows smoothly
42
BRICS
A Goldman Sachs term referring to the economies of Brazil, Russia, India and China. 25% of the world's GDP and 40% of the world's population are within these countries. These are developing countries with fast growing economies and increasing influence in world affairs
43
Soft Power argument
Joseph Nye: Getting the others to agree with you rather than trying to force them through coercive and military power
44
Terrorism
The use of violence towards civilians by non-state actors for political purposes
45
4 Main Types of Terrorist Groups
1. ) Left Wing (FARC)
2. ) Right Wing (Neo-Nazi)
3. ) Ethno-Nationalist / Seperatist (IRA)
4. ) Religious (ISIS)
46
ISIL
ISIS: Islamic State of Iraq and Levant
47
Al-Qaeda
Islamic terrorist organization led by Ayman al-Zawahiri. They are responsible for numerous terrorist attacks including 9/11
48
IRA (Irish Republican Army)
Fought for a separate Irish state, later denounced violence, Provisional IRA continued the violence
49
PKK (Kurdistan Workers Party)
Self-governance, Turkey
50
ETA
Basque Separatist Organization
51
FARC
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia
52
Human Security
The reverent for security should be the human beings, not the state (UN human development report 1994)
7 Dimensions: Economic, Food, Health, Environmental, Personal, Community, and Political
53
War (Hedley Bull Definition)
Organized violence carried on by political units against each other
54
Asymmetric Warfare
Combatants are very different in their relative strengths
55
Insurgency
An armed rebellion against a recognized authority
56
Nelson Mandela
Born 1918. 11th President of South Africa. Spent 27 years in prison after conviction of charges while he helped spearhead the struggle against apartheid. Received Nobel Peace Prize in 1993
57
RMA (Revolution in Military Affairs)
The increasing use of technology and new strategies in warfare
58
Absolute Gains vs Relative Gains
Absolute Gains: Seeking to gain power and influence (but not comparing yourself to others) (Neoliberal Concern)
Relative Gains: Seeking to gain power and influence with a goal to be more influential than others (Neorealist Concern)
59
Security Community
A group of states from whom war has disappeared as a means of resolving disputes (Constructivist)
60
Democratic Peace Theory
Democratic countries are less likely to go to war when compared to their autocratic counterparts (Neoliberal)
61
Apartheid
1948-1994: A system of racial segregation that was introduced in South Africa to ensure white racial domination
62
Security Dilemma
When a state increases its military capabilities, other states are concerned and respond with similar measures, leading to a spiral of insecurity (Neorealism)
63
Securitization
Moving an issue out of realm of politics into security by speech acts; making an issue an emergency security issue (Constructivism / Critical)
64
Troubles Period
1960-1998: Nationalsts vs Unionists (armed factions are called Republican and Loyalist). PIRA, UDA, UVF
Good Friday Agreement (Belfast Agreement): 1998: (Northern Irish parties, Ireland, UK)
65
US Secretary of State
John Kerry
66
Capital City of Canada
Ottawa
67
Capital City of Mexico
Mexico City
68
Capital City of Germany
Berlin
69
Capital City of France
Paris
70
Capital City of UK
London
71
Capital City of China
Beijing
72
Capital City of Japan
Tokyo
73
Capital City of Russia
Moscow
74
Capital City of Ukraine
Kiev
75
Capital City of Iraq
Baghdad
76
Capital City of Syria
Damascus
77
Capital City of Egypt
Cairo
78
Capital City of Brazil
Brasilia
79
Capital City of Argentina
Buenos Aires
80
Fusion vs Fission (nuclear)
Fission: Splitting of atoms in a chain reaction (the one used by the US in 1945)
Fusion: compresses and heats hydrogen atoms so that they combine (thermonuclear weapons)
81
Highly Enriched Uranium
Nuclear weapons require U-235 (0.7% of what is in nature)
U-235 should therefore be separated from U-238. Once it is more than 20% U-235, it is called Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU), and above 90% is weapons grade.
82
Dual Use Problem
nuclear technology can be used to generate energy or to make nuclear weapon.
83
Ballistic Missiles
The rockets that deliver the war heads
84
ICBM
Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles
85
Extended Deterrence
The threat of nuclear response in order to deter attack on allies.
86
Counterforce vs countervalue strategies
Counterforce - targeting nuclear and military assets Countervalue Strategy - targeting industrial/social assets, such as large cities
87
What is NPT?
(1968) : Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. 2 principles:
Non-nuclear weapon states will not acquire weapons
Nuclear states will share peaceful nuclear technology with non-nuclear weapon states, and also work towards disarmament themselves.
88
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency - International organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, reports to UN (1957)
89
Waltz thesis vs Sagan thesis when it comes to proliferation
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(please check your book for this - this is a detailed discussion, and you need to go beyond PPT)
Waltz thesis (gradual spread is good, countries will feel the constraints) vs. Sagan thesis (pessimism, military-run or weak governments cannot have the same checks and balances)
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90
Nuclear Ambiguity
Nuclear ambiguity can mean: neither confirming nor denying possession of nuclear weapons, see Nuclear weapons and Israel. problem that launching an attack with a conventional weapon can be mistaken for a nuclear attack, see Prompt Global Strike.
91
Gender
the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women (World Health Organization definition)
92
Patriarchy
A system of society where men hold the power
93
3 Types of Feminism
1. ) Liberal Feminism: removing legal obstacles can overcome women's subordination; income inequality, wartime violence and rape etc.
2. ) Postcolonial Feminism: Western feminism has constructed knowledge about non-Western women and portrayed them as "victims" and "lacking agency"
3. ) Poststructural Feminism - we cannot generalize women's problems; they all experience subordination differently; But the signifiers of masculinity is everywhere, in the news, in our daily lives and it cannot be just removed by laws.
94
Gendered Division of Labor
Women earn two thirds of men's earnings for the same job done. Disproportionate representation in caring professions, nursing, social services - disproportionate duties of marriage, pregnancy. Household work is not paid (taking care of children, elderly, cleaning)
"home-based" or "flexible" working traps (without security)
95
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (name the five layers)
1. ) Self Actualization - achieving one's full potential including creative activities
2. ) Esteem needs - prestige and felling of accomplishment
3. )Belongingness and Love needs;intimate relationships, friends
4. ) Safety needs - security, safety
5. ) Physiological needs - food, water, warmth, rest
96
What is an international regime?
a set of principles, rules and procedures that states and other actors accept as authoritative in an issue area
97
UDHR
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights;
a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. The Declaration arose directly from the experience of the Second World War and it is the first international declaration of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled
98
ICC (what is it, when was it established, why is it controversial)
International Criminal Court - 2002 is an intergovernmental organization and tribunal based in The Hague in the Netherlands. The ICC has the jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.
99
ECHR (what is it, when was it established)
European Court of Human Rights (1998): a supranational court established by the European Convention on Human Rights. It hears applications alleging that a contracting state has breached one or more of the human rights provisions concerning civil and political rights set out in the Convention and its protocols. An application can be lodged by an individual, a group of individuals or one or more of the other contracting states. The Convention was adopted within the context of the Council of Europe, and all of its 47 member states are contracting parties to the Convention.
100
What is Customary Law?
non-codified general practice accepted as "law"
101
What are six reasons to object to humanitarian intervention?
1- no basis in international law
2- there is no pure humanitarian intention (French in Rwanda and NATO in Kosovo driven by national interests)
3-how about your own soldiers and citizens?
4- potential for abuse - Hitler annexed Czechoslovakia using human rights discourse
5-Selectivity - inconsistency
6- Intervention does not work in long term
102
What is R2P? What are its three pillars? When was it released?
Responsibility to Protect;
In 2000, the Canadian government established the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) and in 2001, released a report titled "The Responsibility to Protect" that was later accepted by the UN as a policy basis.
3 Pillars:
1.) A state has a responsibility to protect its population from genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and ethnic cleansing.
2.) The international community has a responsibility to assist the state to fulfill its primary responsibility.
3.) If the state manifestly fails to protect its citizens from the four above mass atrocities and peaceful measures have failed, the international community has the responsibility to intervene through coercive measures such as economic sanctions. Military intervention is considered the last resort
103
What are the 6 criteria for Humanitarian Intervention?
1. ) Just cause: There must be "serious and irreparable harm occurring to human beings, or imminently likely to occur".
2. ) Right intention: The main intention of the military action must be to prevent human suffering.
3. ) Last resort: Every other measure besides military invention has to have already been taken into account. (This does not mean that every measurement has to have been applied and been shown to fail, but that there are reasonable grounds to believe that only military action would work in that situation.)
4. ) Proportional means: The military means must not exceed what is necessary "to secure the defined human protection objective".
5. ) Reasonable prospects: The chance of success must be reasonably high, and it must be unlikely that the consequences of the military intervention would be worse than the consequences without the intervention.
6. ) Right authority: The military action has to have been authorized by the Security Council
104
Imagined Communities
Nation: "imagined communities" (Benedict Anderson): a nation is a socially constructed community, imagined by the people who perceive themselves as part of that group
105
Nation
A group of people/community that shares a perception of common descent, culture, language and territory.
106
Civic Nationalism vs Ethnic Nationalism
Civic nationalism - commitment to state and its values
| ethnic nationalism - commitment to a group of common descent
107
What are the main 3 Bretton Woods institutions? Briefly describe each.
1. ) IMF: Provides technical assistance and short-term stabilization financing
2. ) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (later World Bank): financing the reconstruction of European countries(with goals shared with the Marshall Plan)
3. ) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: "substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis." (turned in to World Trade Organization in 1995)
108
Inflation
Increase in the general level of prices for goods and services. It is measured as an annual percentage increase (main cause: money supply growing faster than the rate of economic growth)
109
Monetary Policy vs Fiscal Policy
Monetary Policy: monetary authority (like central bank) adjusting an inflation rate or interest rate to ensure price stability and general trust in the currency
Fiscal Policy: (by the government) the use of taxes and expenditure to influence the economy
110
Tariff
A tax imposed on imported goods and services
111
Syriza
Left-Wing party in Greece
112
Summarize the three main IPE approaches.
1. ) Mercantilism (Protectionism): Economy is an area of competition; national interests should be protected through tariffs (remember relative gains!)
2. ) Liberalism: Free trade & free movement of capital ("invisible hand" - Adam Smith's term for the force that guides free market, which will allocate the sources most efficiently) (remember absolute gains!)
3. ) Marxism: Capitalists are driven by search for profits, and the system works only when segments of society (world) are exploited.
113
Invisible Hand (what is it, whose term is it)
"invisible hand" - Adam Smith's term for the force that guides free market, which will allocate the sources most efficiently
114
Compare John Keynes and Friedrich Hayek's approach to economics.
Friedrich Hayek - Free market libertarianism: Less government intervention means more economic freedom.
John Maynard Keynes - advocates predominantly private sector, but with a role for government intervention during recessions
115
Trickle-down approach
Overall economic growth as measured by GDP will automatically bring benefits for the poorer classes.
116
Microfinance
Based on the idea that low-income individuals are capable of lifting themselves out of poverty if given access to financial services, bank loans provide equipment / start up resources to low-income individuals; the microfinance institutions profit - how about the borrowers? Questionable results.
The pioneer of microfinance was Grameen Bank.
117
Sustainable Development
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
118
Tragedy of the Commons
individuals acting independently and rationally according to each's self-interest behave contrary to the best interests of the whole group by depleting some common resource (Garrett Hardin)
119
What is austerity? What are the criticisms against it?
the policy of reducing government budget deficits during times of economic recession. Austerity policies include spending cuts and increasing tax
120
Gini Coefficient
Measure of Inequality in a Country. A Gini coefficient of zero expresses perfect equality, and one perfect inequality.
121
FDI
Foreign Direct Investment: the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. Top location for US FDI? (ireland)
122
MFN Principle
"Most Favored Nation" :Countries achieving most favored nation status are given specific trade advantages such as reduced tariffs on imported goods.
Name change to "Permanent Normal Trade Relations" in 1998.
123
Comparative Advantage
Being able to produce a good at a lower price (David Ricardo)
124
Regionalization
the market or state-led growth of societal integration within a region.
Regionalization can happen as a result of political, economic or foreign policy/security cooperation.
125
Functionalism
Limited arrangements that are agreed between states in order to work together in particular areas, for example, in transport, energy, or health.
126
Security Community
A group of states among which war has become unthinkable as a way of solving problems.
127
NAFTA
North America Free Trade Agreement is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States to create a free trade zone in 1994
128
ASEAN (when was it established)
Association of South East Nations is a political and economic organization that brings South East Asian countries together (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam)
ASEAN + 3: China, Japan, and South Korea
129
Maastricht Treaty (what is it, when)
Treaty that created the European Union in 1992.
130
Name three of the EU units, with one sentence explanation of each.
1. ) The European Commission - executive body
2. ) The Council of the European Union- legislature representing individual EU states
3. ) The European Council- heads of states/governments of the member states
4. ) The Court of Justice of the European Union-judiciary
5. ) The European Central Bank-monetary unit
6. ) The Court of Auditors - audits accounts of member states
7. ) The European Parliament (members elected every five years by EU citizens)
131
Schengen Area
26 European countries that have abolished border control at their common borders (Ireland and UK are the main opt-outs)
132
What were the six constituent units of Yugoslavia?
1. ) Slovenia
2. ) Croatia
3. ) Bosnia and Herzegovina
4. ) Serbia
5. ) Montenegro
6. ) Macedonia
133
Dayton Agreement (what is it, year)
General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1995
134
Srebrenica Massacre
genocide of Bosnians during war
135
Versailles Peace Treaty
Ended WWI
136
Capitalism (define)
an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
137
Washington Consensus (what is it, what are its institutions)
refers to a set of broadly free market economic ideas, supported by prominent economists and international organisations, such as the IMF, the World Bank, the EU and the US
138
What is NPT? When was it signed? What are its two pillars?
an international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament
