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Computer Systems Architecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is a computer?

A

hardware, software and peripheral devices that work to solve problems

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2
Q

What are the components of a computer?

A

hardware, software, data, communication component

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3
Q

What is the hardware of a computer?

A

the physical mechanisms such as the cpu, memory, storage, input/output devices and buses

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4
Q

What is the software of a computer?

A

provides instruction that tell the hardware what to do

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5
Q

What does system software do?

A

interfaces between user programs and hardware

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6
Q

What is application software?

A

the users program

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7
Q

What do compiler do?

A

translates high level language to instructions the hardware can execute

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8
Q

What does data do in a computer?

A

computer can manipulate data and is only recognised in binary representation

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9
Q

What does the communication component do in a computer?

A

transports data to connect computer systems

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10
Q

What does div do?

A

it gives the quotient of a division

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11
Q

What does mod do?

A

the remainder of a division

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12
Q

How do you express a real number?

A

The digit in the number times by the power it is at
eg:
12.56 = (1 * 10^1) + (2 * 10^0) + (5 * 10^-1) + (6 * 10^-2)

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13
Q

How do you convert a decimal to any base?

A

get the number and divide it by the base of the conversion, then the remainder is the first digit, then repeat this until you can’t divide the number by the base any more.

eg: 678 → hexadecimal

678 / 16 = 42 R 6

42 / 16 = 2 R a(10)

2 / 16 = 0 R 2

read from bottom to top

therefore 678 → 2a6

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14
Q

How is ASCII represented in a computer?

A

a unique 7 bit binary code is given to each character and is stored in a byte

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15
Q

How are numbers internally represented?

A

numbers are input as string which are then converted into binary

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16
Q

What determines the number of integers that are able to be represented?

A

the bit length patterns
= 2^n
half are signed and not signed

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17
Q

How do you reduce time when going from decimal to binary?

A

decimal -> hexadecimal -> binary

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18
Q

How do you write negative numbers in two’s compliment?

A

2^n - Number

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19
Q

What is the range of fixed length integers using n bits?

A

[-2^(n-1)] <= n <= [2^(n-1) -1]

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20
Q

What is the most significant bit?

A

always the sign bit

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21
Q

What are the commutative laws?

A

A&B = B&A

A|B = B|A

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22
Q

What are the AND laws?

A

A&0 = 0

A&A = A

A&1 = A

A&-A = 0

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23
Q

What are the OR laws?

A

A|0 = A

A|A = A

A|1 = 1

A|-A = 1

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24
Q

What is a circular shift?

A

the bits are moved in circular motion

25
Q

What is a logic shift?

A

the bits are moved and the gap is filled with a 0

26
Q

What is an arithmetic shift?

A

the bits are moved and on left shift the gap is filled with a 0 and on right shift the MSB is conserved

27
Q

What does a left shift one bit do?

A

doubles the number

28
Q

What does right shift one bit do?

A

halves the number

29
Q

What is a status register?

A

a register that includes four named bits called condition code that store information about arithmetic operations happening

30
Q

What are the condition codes?

A

Carry(C)
Overflow(V)
Negative(N)
Zero(Z)

31
Q

What does the carry condition code indicate?

A

indicates whether the number is too large for the number of bits this is for unsigned numbers

32
Q

What does the overflow condition code indicate?

A

whether the sign has been changed because of the operation

33
Q

What does the negative condition code indicate?

A

if the number is negative

34
Q

What does the zero condition code indicate?

A

if the number is zero

35
Q

How do you multiply in binary?

A

multiply each of the numbers on the bottom row by the top row.
eg:
1001
x 0111
——————————
= 1001
1001
+ 1001
0000
——————————
0111111

36
Q

How many bits are allocated to the exponent in single precision floating point?

A

8

37
Q

How many bits are allocated to the fraction in single precision floating point?

A

23

38
Q

How many bits are allocated to the exponent in double precision floating point?

A

11

39
Q

How many bits are allocated to the fraction in double precision floating point?

A

52

40
Q

How do you represent real numbers in IEEE 754 floating point format?

A
  • put the number in 1.<fraction> x 2^e format</fraction>
  • find the exponent
  • find the fraction
  • round the fraction if needed
  • put sign bit (1 is negative)
  • put exponent and fraction after
41
Q

How do you put number in 1.<fraction> x 2^e format?</fraction>

A

change e until the integer div 2^e = 1.
if the number doesn’t have an integer is should be num x 2^e = 1.

42
Q

How to find the exponent for IEEE format?

A

e + (2^(number of bits allowed - 1) - 1

43
Q

How do you find the fraction for IEEE format?

A

times the fraction by 16 and take note of the integer and repeat using the fraction of that calculation. Repeat until there is no fraction or you reach the bit boundary

44
Q

How do you round binary number?

A

right shift the number by 1 bit if the bit that was lost was a 1, add 1 to the number and if it was a zero do nothing

45
Q

How do you convert binary to decimal?

A

binary to hex and then use polynomial representation to get to decimal

46
Q

How do you convert from octal to hex?

A

octal to 3 bit binary and then group in 4 bits then convert to hex

47
Q

What is a register?

A

temporary storage inside the cpu

48
Q

What is a general purpose register?

A

designed as temporary memory for data being manipulated by cpu

49
Q

What is a special purpose register?

A

designed to keep special information during operations

50
Q

What is CISC?

A

complex instruction set computer
many instructions
variable length encoding
convenient
high power consumption

51
Q

What is RISC?

A

reduced instruction set computer
few instructions
fixed length encoding
simple and fast
power efficient

52
Q

What is memory made up of?

A

many cells that have there own address

53
Q

How much data can be stored in a cell?

A

can be k bits, however most use 8

54
Q

What is the address space?

A

the number of bits used to represent memory addresses

55
Q

How many bits can be used for a memory address?

A

a 32 bit architecture has 0 to 2^32 -1

56
Q

What are bytes grouped by?

A

grouped into “words”
32 bit has 4 bytes, 64 bits has 8

57
Q

What is a big endian?

A

address to the most significant byte when loading a word from memory

58
Q

What is a little endian?

A

address to the least significant byte when loading a word from memory

59
Q

What does 0x mean?

A

denotes hexadecimal values

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