Computer and society file 2

Question 1

Trade Secret def?

Answer 1

Definition: Confidential piece of intellectual property that gives
company a competitive advantage.

such as :
(formulas, processes, proprietary designs, strategic plans and
customer lists).

properties :
* Never expires.
* Sign confidentiality or nondisclosure المعلومات كشف عدم agreement
Example: Coca Cola syrup شراب formula.

Question 2

what are the ways to break the confidentiality in trade secret?

Answer 2

1. Reverse engineering
2. When employees leave firm

Question 3

Trade Secret is not appropriate for all intellectual
properties. “movies for example” (why?)

Answer 3

Because company can only profit from a movie by allowing
it to be viewed, which makes it no longer confidential.

Question 4

what is Trademark?

Answer 4

is a word , symbol, picture, sound, or color used by
business to identify product
(ex: Xerox, McDonald’s, Univeristy’s logo, and Advil)

Question 5

how can companies protect their trade marks?

Answer 5

Companies advertise to protect their trademarks. Companies also
protect trademarks by contacting those who misuse them.

Question 6

trademarks are public or private?

Answer 6

trademarks are public

Question 7

trade secrets are public or private?

Answer 7

trade secrets are private.

Question 8

what is a Patent?

Answer 8

A public document that provides detailed description of
invention

Question 9

what are the disadvantages of a patent?

Answer 9

The patent disadvantage is that the right expires after 20
years.

Question 10

What are the three types of patents?

Answer 10

Utility patents,
Design patents, and Plant patents

Question 11

what are utility patents?

Answer 11

Utility patents may be granted to anyone who invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, article of
manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and
useful improvement.

Question 12

what are Design patents?

Answer 12

Design patents may be granted to anyone who invents a
new, original, and ornamental design for an article of
manufacture.

Question 13

what are Plant Patents?

Answer 13

Plant patents may be granted to anyone who invents or discovers and a sexually reproduces any distinct and new
variety of plant

Question 14

what is meant by copyrights?

Answer 14

Is how the US government provides owner with certain rights to
original works that they have written.

Question 15

what are The owner of the copyright 5 principle rights?

Answer 15

1. Reproduction
2. Distribution
3. Public display
4. Public performance
5. Production of new work derived from the copyrighted work

Question 16

When S/W gets a copyrighted protection, what exactly is copyright?

Answer 16

• Expression of idea, not idea itself
  (for example relational DBMS is an idea)
• Object (executable) program, not source program.

because the company only distributes the object program to its
customers,

It also protects the screen displays produced by the object program.
This is particularly valuable for the developers of video games.

Question 17

what are the 4 Violations of Software Copyrights Laws?

Answer 17

1. Copying a program to give or sell to someone else.
2. Preloading a program onto the hard disk of a computer being sold.
3. Distributing a program over the Internet.
4. When a company attempt to create software that competes with an existing
   product.

Question 18

Another name for copyright Violation?

Answer 18

Copyright violation is called “copyright infringement”والنشر الطبع حقوق انتهاك

Question 19

give two examples on copyright violation in software?

Answer 19

Two Court Cases Examples
 Apple Computer v. FRANKLIN ACE Computer (early 1980)
(FRANKLIN ACE contained the OS functions copied directly from the ROM
on APPLEII).
 SEGA v. ACCOLADE (~1992) (video-game maker)
(Accolade disassembled the object code of a Sega game in order to determine
how to interface a video game with the game console)

Question 20

what is Clean room strategy?

Answer 20

A clean room is a software development strategy to help
ensuring a company’s software program does not duplicate any code in another company’s product.

Question 21

what are Patent trolls?

Answer 21

Companies that a specialize in buying
patents and enforcing patent rights. Companies would
rather settle out of court than spend time and money going
to trial

Question 22

what are Key Differences between Software
Software and حق االداء العلني Copyrights
براءة االختراع Patents?

Answer 22

What is protected?

Software Copyright : - Object Program,
screen displays

Software Patent:-Software process
with practical utility

is getting protection expensive?

Software Copyright : - No
Software Patent:-yes

is getting protection time consuming?
Software Copyright : - No
Software Patent:-yes

Is reverse engineering allowed?
Software Copyright : -yes
Software Patent:-no

Question 23

Open Source software v. Licensed software

Answer 23

Open source license software:

1- The source codes are freely
available for use and can be
modified without restriction

2- They are freely sold or give away

3- People can use the software in
whichever way they like.

4- No need for additional licensing
agreements for subsequent users

Licensed Software:-

1- cannot be used or distributed
freely as there are restrictions to
it.
2- can not
3- can not
4- There is a need for……