Compute in the cloud Flashcards
What is Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud abbreviation?
Amazon EC2
Do you pay for stopped or terminated EC2 instances?
NO
What does EC2 run on top of?
Runs on top of physical host machines
What is responsible for sharing the underlying physical resources?
Hypervisor
What is multitenancy?
Sharing underlying hardware between virtual machines
What does the hypervisor isolate?
The virtual machines from each other,as they share resources from the host.
Do you have control over the configuration of EC2 instances?
Yes
What do we call when we give EC2 more memory and more CPU?
Vertically Scaling
What model is EC2?
Compute as a service (CaaS)
Name some of the Amazon EC2 instance types?
General purpose
Computer optimized
Memory optimized
Accelerated computing
Storage optimized
What are general purpose instances used for?(EC2)
General purpose instances provide a balance of compute, memory, and networking resources. You can use them for a variety of workloads, such as:
application servers gaming servers backend servers for enterprise applications small and medium databases
What are compute optimized instances used for?(EC2)
Ideal for compute-bound applications that benefit from high-performance processors. Like general purpose instances, you can use compute optimized instances for workloads such as web, application, and gaming servers.
What are memory optimized instances used for?(EC2)
Designed to deliver fast performance for workloads that process large datasets in memory. In computing, memory is a temporary storage area. It holds all the data and instructions that a central processing unit (CPU) needs to be able to complete actions. Before a computer program or application is able to run, it is loaded from storage into memory. This preloading process gives the CPU direct access to the computer program.
What are accelerated computing instances used for?(EC2)
Use hardware accelerators, or coprocessors, to perform some functions more efficiently than is possible in software running on CPUs. Examples of these functions include floating-point number calculations, graphics processing, and data pattern matching.
What are storage optimized instances used for?(EC2)
Designed for workloads that require high, sequential read and write access to large datasets on local storage. Examples of workloads suitable for storage optimized instances include distributed file systems, data warehousing applications, and high-frequency online transaction processing (OLTP) systems
Which Amazon EC2 instance type is suitable for data warehousing applications?
Memory optimized
Storage optimized
General purpose
Compute optimized
Storage optimized
Which Amazon EC2 instance type balances compute, memory, and networking resources?
Memory optimized
Storage optimized
General purpose
Compute optimized
General purpose
Which Amazon EC2 instance type is ideal for high-performance databases?
Memory optimized
Storage optimized
General purpose
Compute optimized
Memory optimized
Which Amazon EC2 instance type offers high-performance processors?
Memory optimized
Storage optimized
General purpose
Compute optimized
Compute optimized
Amazon EC2 pricing. On-demand?
On-Demand Instances are ideal for short-term, irregular workloads that cannot be interrupted. No upfront costs or minimum contracts apply. The instances run continuously until you stop them, and you pay for only the compute time you use
EC2 Instance Savings Plans
AWS offers Savings Plans for a few compute services, including Amazon EC2. EC2 Instance Savings Plans reduce your EC2 instance costs when you make an hourly spend commitment to an instance family and Region for a 1-year or 3-year term. This term commitment results in savings of up to 72 percent compared to On-Demand rates. Any usage up to the commitment is charged at the discounted Savings Plans rate (for example, $10 per hour). Any usage beyond the commitment is charged at regular On-Demand rates.
Amazon EC2 pricing. Spot Instances
Spot Instances are ideal for workloads with flexible start and end times, or that can withstand interruptions. Spot Instances use unused Amazon EC2 computing capacity and offer you cost savings at up to 90% off of On-Demand prices.
Amazon EC2 pricing.Reserved Instances?
Reserved Instances are a billing discount applied to the use of On-Demand Instances in your account. There are two available types of Reserved Instances:
Standard Reserved Instances Convertible Reserved Instances
You can purchase Standard Reserved and Convertible Reserved Instances for a 1-year or 3-year term. You realize greater cost savings with the 3-year option.
Standard Reserved Instances: This option is a good fit if you know the EC2 instance type and size you need for your steady-state applications and in which AWS Region you plan to run them. Reserved Instances require you to state the following qualifications:
Instance type and size: For example, m5.xlarge Platform description (operating system): For example, Microsoft Windows Server or Red Hat Enterprise Linux Tenancy: Default tenancy or dedicated tenancy
You have the option to specify an Availability Zone for your EC2 Reserved Instances. If you make this specification, you get EC2 capacity reservation. This ensures that your desired amount of EC2 instances will be available when you need them.
Convertible Reserved Instances: If you need to run your EC2 instances in different Availability Zones or different instance types, then Convertible Reserved Instances might be right for you. Note: You trade in a deeper discount when you require flexibility to run your EC2 instances.
At the end of a Reserved Instance term, you can continue using the Amazon EC2 instance without interruption. However, you are charged On-Demand rates until you do one of the following:
Terminate the instance. Purchase a new Reserved Instance that matches the instance attributes (instance family and size, Region, platform, and tenancy).
Amazon EC2 pricing. Spot Instances?
Spot Instances are ideal for workloads with flexible start and end times, or that can withstand interruptions. Spot Instances use unused Amazon EC2 computing capacity and offer you cost savings at up to 90% off of On-Demand prices.
Suppose that you have a background processing job that can start and stop as needed (such as the data processing job for a customer survey). You want to start and stop the processing job without affecting the overall operations of your business. If you make a Spot request and Amazon EC2 capacity is available, your Spot Instance launches. However, if you make a Spot request and Amazon EC2 capacity is unavailable, the request is not successful until capacity becomes available. The unavailable capacity might delay the launch of your background processing job.
After you have launched a Spot Instance, if capacity is no longer available or demand for Spot Instances increases, your instance may be interrupted. This might not pose any issues for your background processing job. However, in the earlier example of developing and testing applications, you would most likely want to avoid unexpected interruptions. Therefore, choose a different EC2 instance type that is ideal for those tasks.
Amazon EC2 pricing. Dedicated Hosts ?
Dedicated Hosts are physical servers with Amazon EC2 instance capacity that is fully dedicated to your use.
You can use your existing per-socket, per-core, or per-VM software licenses to help maintain license compliance. You can purchase On-Demand Dedicated Hosts and Dedicated Hosts Reservations. Of all the Amazon EC2 options that were covered, Dedicated Hosts are the most expensive
Which Amazon EC2 pricing option provides a discount when you specify a number of EC2 instances to run a specific OS, instance family and size, and tenancy in one Region?
Convertible Reserved Instances
EC2 Instance Savings Plans
Spot Instances
Standard Reserved Instances
Standard Reserved Instances require you to specify:
instance family and size platform description tenancy Region
Which Amazon EC2 pricing option provides a discount when you make an hourly spend commitment to an instance family and Region for a 1-year or 3-year term?
On-demand
EC2 Instance Savings Plans
Spot Instances
Reserved Instances
EC2 Instance Savings Plans
Describe scalability ?
Scalability
Scalability involves beginning with only the resources you need and designing your architecture to automatically respond to changing demand by scaling out or in. As a result, you pay for only the resources you use. You don’t have to worry about a lack of computing capacity to meet your customers’ needs.
The AWS service that helps automatically to scale?
The AWS service that provides this functionality for Amazon EC2 instances is Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling.
What does Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling enables you to do ?
Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling enables you to automatically add or remove Amazon EC2 instances in response to changing application demand. By automatically scaling your instances in and out as needed, you can maintain a greater sense of application availability.
What are the two types of scaling approaches with Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling ?
Dynamic scaling and predictive scaling.
Dynamic scaling?
Responds to changing demand.
Predictive scaling ?
Automatically schedules the right number of Amazon EC2 instances based on predicted demand.
What does it mean to scale up?
Adding more power to the machines that are running
What does it mean to scale out?
What is load balancer?
An application that takes in requests and routes them to the instances to be processed.
In AWS what is the service name for load balancing?
Elastic Load Balancing ELB
Is Elastic Load Balancing regional construct?
Yes
Explain Tightly coupled architecture
Single component fails or changes, it causes issues for other components or even the whole system.
Explain Loosely coupled architecture
This is an architecture where if one component fails, it is isolated and therefore won’t cause cascading failures throughout the whole system.
Amazon Simple Queue Service abbreviation ?
Amazon SQS
Amazon SQS stands for ?
Amazon Simple Queue Service
Amazon Simple Notification Service abbreviation ?
Amazon SNS
Amazon SNS stands for ?
Amazon Simple Notification Service
Which service allows you to send,store and receive messages between software components at any volume?
Amazon SQS / Amazon Simple Queue Service
How is called the data contained within a message ?
Payload
What is a payload?
The data that is contained within a message
Where are messages placed until they are processed?
SQS queue/s
What to we place in SQS queue/s ?
The messages (until we process them)
Amazon SNS works in similar way to Amazon SQS, but it work on the _____ model
Publish / subscribe to SNS topic
What is SNS topic / Simple Notification Service
Channel for messages to be delivered. You configure subscribes to that topic and finally publish messages for those subscribers
Give example what can be the subscribers to the SNS topic / Simple Notification Service ?
Subscribers can also be endpoints such as SQS queues, AWS Lambda functions, and HTTPS or HTTP web hooks.
What is monolithic application?
Application with tightly coupled components ( databases, servers, User Interface, business logic)
What will happen if a single component fails in monolithic application?
Possibly the entire application fails.
What is the microservices approach?
Loosely coupled application components so if one fails, the others continue with their work.
Which AWS service is the best choice for publishing messages to subscribers
> Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS)
Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling
Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS)
Elastic Load Balancing
Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS)
What does serverless mean?
You cannot see or access the underlying infrastructure or instances that are hosting your application. All of that (provisioning, scaling, high availability and maintenance perspective) are taken care of from AWS.
What is AWS Lambda ?
It allows you to upload your code into Lambda function, to configure a trigger and from there the service waits for that trigger
What does Amazon ECS stand for ?
Amazon Elastic Container Services
What is the abbreviation of Amazon Elastic Container Services ?
Amazon ECS
What does Amazon EKS stand for ?
Amazon Kubernetes Service
What is the abbreviation of Amazon Kubernetes Service ?
Amazon EKS
What virtualization is Docker using?
Opereating system level virtualization
What is a container?
A package for the code, where you package your application, its dependencies,as well as any configurations that is needs to run.
A package for the code, where you package your application, its dependencies,as well as any configurations that is needs to run. Or with what other words can we call all of this?
Container
A number of EC2 instances that are running containers are called ___?
Cluster
What will you use if you want to host traditional applications, have full access to the OS ?
Amazon EC2
What will you use if you want to host short running functions, service-oriented applications and event driven applications and you do not want to manage the underlying environment at all?
AWS Lambda
What FIRST you must choose if you want to run Docker container-base workloads on AWS?
Orchestration tool
Orchestration tools on AWS?
Amazon ECS or Amazon EKS
What is AWS Fargate ?
Serverless compute engine for containers. Works with Amazon ECS and Amazon EKS
You want to use an Amazon EC2 instance for a batch processing workload. What would be the best Amazon EC2 instance type to use?
General purpose
Memory optimized
Compute optimized
Storage optimized
Compute optimized
What are the contract length options for Amazon EC2 Reserved Instances? (Select TWO.)
1 year
2 years
3 years
4 years
5 years
1year and 3years
You have a workload that will run for a total of 6 months and can withstand interruptions. What would be the most cost-efficient Amazon EC2 purchasing option?
Reserved Instance
Spot Instance
Dedicated Instance
On-Demand Instance
Spot Instance
Which process is an example of Elastic Load Balancing?
Ensuring that no single Amazon EC2 instance has to carry the full workload on its own
Removing unneeded Amazon EC2 instances when demand is low
Adding a second Amazon EC2 instance during an online store’s popular sale
Automatically adjusting the number of Amazon EC2 instances to meet demand
Ensuring that no single Amazon EC2 instance has to carry the full workload on its own
You want to deploy and manage containerized applications. Which service should you use?
AWS Lambda
Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS)
Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS)
Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (Amazon EKS)
Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (Amazon EKS)
