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Morphology test 2 > Compunds > Flashcards

Compunds Flashcards

1
Q

T/F English is not identical to Sanskrit morphology but many of the principles of compounding Panini discovered in Sanskrit operate in English also, and in many other languages

A

True

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2
Q

What is the main point of compounds?

A

To discover and understand unconscious principles that native speakers use with compounds

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3
Q

Central question

A

To what extent can native speakers guess the meaning of a given compound merely by using the principles of compounding that they have acquired unconsciously as a result of normal language acquisition

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4
Q

Another way to states the question

A

What extent the semantics (the meaning) of a given compound is available to Native Speakers by virtue of unconscious known rules, and to what extent the meaning of a given compound depends on lexicalization

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5
Q

Lexicalization

A

Learned correspondence between form and meaning

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6
Q

3 types of compound

A

Exocentric
Endocentric determinative
Endocentric descriptive

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7
Q

Exocentric Compunds

A

Compound that lacks the semantic head

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8
Q

Examples of exocentric compound

A

Skyscraper

Pick-pocket

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9
Q

What is really the issue between endocentric and exocentric compounds?

A

Whether the semantic head is present or not

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10
Q

Some types of text

A

Is XY either a type of X or a type of Y?

But it can be reduced

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11
Q

Why can the test question, Is XY either a type of X or a type of Y , be reduced?

To what does it reduce?

A

Because usually in English the semantic head, if present will almost always be the Y member

Is XY a type of Y?

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12
Q

Examples of endocentric compounds

Why?

A

Long-legged person

It is a type of person

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13
Q

Spelling is ____ to ___ linguistics

One should not be distracted by?

A

Irrelevant
Synchronic

One should not be distracted by spelling conventions

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14
Q

Endocentric compounds

A

A compound whose semantic head is one of the words in the compound

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15
Q

2 types of endocentric compounds

A

Descriptive

Determinative

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16
Q

Descriptive Endocentric compound

It also what?

A

The relationship between the X element and Y elemental is purely descriptive (at least superficially)

Attributes a characteristic to the item

17
Q

Example of descriptive endocentric compounds

Explain

A

Blue bird

Blue describes the bird
Attributes a characteristic to the bird
Test: A Y that is X
A bird that is blue

18
Q

The meaning of a descriptive compound may significantly ___ or ____ from the straight descriptive meaning of X and Y.

Example

Why?

A

Exceed
Deviate

Blackbird (female)

Is actually brown, but the compound is still considered a descriptive compound

One can say “a bird that is black”

19
Q

Another example of a endocentric descriptive compound

Explain

A

White House

It is a stretch to call it a “house” and it might not be completely white

Yet we can still say: it is a house that is white

Which qualifies as an endocentric descriptive compound

20
Q

Which of the endocentric compounds is more numerous?
Which is less?

Why?

A

Determinative more numerous

Descriptive less numerous

Because the descriptive compound requires an adjective X, in an attribute relationship with a noun

21
Q

Be careful with descriptive compounds, they might not be compounds but rather phrases

So what is needed to qualify as a compound?

A
  1. The adj. and noun combination has to have some special semantics
  2. Most also be a solid constituent that resisted interruption
22
Q

One cannot interpose any words between what words

A

Bluebird

Whitehouse

23
Q

In a noun phrase you can what?

Example

A

You can interpose other descriptors in between the adjective and the noun

Fast car

Fast expensive car

Doesn’t lose the original meaning

24
Q

Determinative endocentric compunds

A

Compound has a relationship between the X and Y element

that is not just descriptive

25
Q

Examples of determinative compounds:

Explain

Explain why it’s a determinative compound (test)

A

Snow shovel

Is it a snow? No
Is it a shovel? Yes

So it’s and endocentric compound

Is it an descriptive or determinative compound?
Is it a shovel that is snow? No
So it’s a determinative compound
It’s a shovel for shoveling snow

Test: A Y that is X

26
Q

Relational Rules (RRs)

A

Describes the relationship between the morphemes and the compounds

27
Q

Canonical

A

Means the intended, central function of Y in Y is for Y-ing X in the canonical manner of Y

28
Q

Examples that are with the Y is for Ying X type

Though there’s a note!

A 
Butter knife 
Bread knife 
Steak knife 
Car wax
Clothespin
Dish towel 
Ice pick
Face towel
Hair brush 
Tooth brush 
Nail brush 
Shoe polish

In some cases the Y item does not always form the appropriate verb, but rather there is a related verb that is used instead

Cutting
Drying
Are canonical uses of knives and towels

So it fits the case of Y for Ying X

29
Q

Lexical coercion

Example

A

The meaning of the Y item is to some degree determined or coerced by the X item

Bread knife

Knife for spreading butter

30
Q

T/F there is no definite line rant determines how far we should abstract away from specific cases, nor how much lexical coercion should be accommodated

A

True

31
Q

The “correct” set of rules and generalizations are just those that must?

A

Neatly describes and explain the data

32
Q

T/ F With respect to the semantic rules for determinative and exocentric compounds, some linguistics think that there really are no general rules at all, but rather that the relations between lexical items in such compounds are always idiosyncratic

A

True

33
Q

Transparency

A

The degree that a NS could guess the meaning of the compound if he encountered it for the first time, out of context

34
Q

Compound fall into stable general classes with respect to ___ and ___ ____ which allows them to be neatly organized by type

A

Syntax

Broad Semantics

35
Q

RR are quite ___ and not completely ___ from the ___ or ___ of compound

A

Diverse
Predicative
Syntax
Type

36
Q

Fact lexical items ?

We use ___ to shape the ___ meaning of __

A

Lexical items are unique in some way

We use pragmatics
Compounds

37
Q

Pragmatics

A

Knowledge of the world, including cultural knowledge

38
Q

In exocentric compounds there will always be what?

Why?

Example

A

3 terms
(X,Y and Z)

Because exocentric compounds have a semantic head that is outside the X,Y part of the compound hence the Z item

Example: pick-pocket

Pick & pocket are the X,Y terms respectively the person who picks pockets is the Z term

A Z that Xs Ys.

39
Q

There are also 3 terms in cases where there is an agentive nominal affix (er) attached to the Y term, which in those cases is always a verb.

A

True.

Morphology test 2 (1 decks)

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